National Contraceptive Prevalence Survey 1987 - Indonesia

Abstract
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The DHS is intended to serve as a primary source for international population and health information for policymakers and for the research community. In general, DHS has four objectives:
- To provide participating countries with a database and analysis useful for informed choices,
- To expand the international population and health database,
- To advance survey methodology, and
- To help develop in participating countries technical skills and resources necessary to conduct demographic and health surveys.

Apart from estimating fertility and contraceptive prevalence rates, DHS also covers the topic of child health, which has become the focus of many development programs aimed at improving the quality of life in general. The Indonesian DHS survey did not include health-related questions because this information was collected in the 1987 SUSENAS in more detail and with wider geographic coverage. Hence, the Indonesian DHS was named the "National Indonesian Contraceptive Prevalence Survey" (NICPS).

The National Indonesia Contraceptive Prevalence Survey (NICPS) was a collaborative effort between the Indonesian National Family Planning Coordinating Board (NFPCB), the Institute for Resource Development of Westinghouse and the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). The survey was part of an international program in which similar surveys are being implemented in developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

The 1987 NICPS was specifically designed to meet the following objectives:
- To provide data on the family planning and fertility behavior of the Indonesian population necessary for program organizers and policymakers in evaluating and enhancing the national family planning program, and
- To measure changes in fertility and contraceptive prevalence rates and at the same time study factors which affect the change, such as marriage patterns, urban/rural residence, education, breastfeeding habits, and availability of contraception.

Geographic coverage
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National

Analysis unit
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- Household
- Children under five years
- Women age 15-49
- Men

Kind of data
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Sample survey data

Sampling procedure
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The 1987 NICPS sample was drawn from the annual National Socioeconomic Survey (popularly called SUSENAS) which was conducted in January and February 1987. Each year the SUSENAS consists of one set of core questions and several modules which are rotated every three years. The 1987 SUSENAS main modules covered household income, expenditure, and consumption. In addition, in collaboration with the Ministry of Health, information pertaining to children under 5 years of age was collected, including food supplement patterns, and measurement of height, weight, and arm circumference. In this module, information on prenatal care, type of birth attendant, and immunization was also asked.

This national survey covered over 60,000 households which were scattered in almost all of the districts. The data were collected by the "Mantri Statistik", a CBS officer in charge of data collection at the sub-district level. All households covered in the selected census blocks were listed on the SSN 87-LI form. This form was then used in selecting samples for each of the modules included in the SUSENAS. This particular form was also used to select the sample households in the 1987 NICPS.

Sample selection in the 1987 SUSENAS utilized a multistage sampling procedure. The first stage consisted of selecting a number of census blocks with probability proportional to the number of households in the block. Census blocks are statistical areas formed before the 1980 Population Census and contain approximately 100 households. At the second stage, households were selected systematically from each sampled census block.

Selection of the 1987 NICPS sample was also done in two stages. The first stage was to select census blocks from the those selected in the 1987 SUSENAS. At the second stage a number of households was selected systematically from the selected census block.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The household questionnaire was used to record all members of the selected households who usually live in the household. The questionnaire was utilized to identify the eligible respondents in the household, and to provide the numerator for the computation of demographic measurements such as fertility and contraceptive use rates.

The individual questionnaire was used for all ever-married women aged 15-49, and consisted of the following eight sections:

Section 1 Respondent's Background

This part collected information related to the respondent and the household, such as current and past mobility, age, education, literacy, religion, and media exposure. Information related to the household includes source of water for drinking, for bathing and washing, type of toilet, ownership of durable goods, and type of floor.

Section 2 Reproduction

This part gathered information on all children ever born, sex of the child, month and year of birth, survival status of the child, age when the child died, and whether the child lived with the respondent. Using the information collected in this section, one can compute measures of fertility and mortality, especially infant and child mortality rates. With the birth history data collected in this section, it is possible to calculate trends in fertility over time. This section also included a question about whether the respondent was pregnant at the time of interview, and her knowledge regarding women's fertile period in the monthly menstrual cycle.

Section 3 Knowledge and Practice of Family Planning

This section is one of the most important parts of the 1987 NICPS survey. Here the respondent was asked whether she had ever heard of or used any of the family planning methods listed. If the respondent had used a contraceptive method, she was asked detailed questions about the method. For women who gave birth to a child since January 1982, questions on family planning methods used in the intervals between births were also asked. The section also included questions on source of methods, quality of use, reasons for nonuse, and intentions for future use. These data are expected to answer questions on the effectiveness of family planning use. Finally, the section also included questions about whether the respondent had been visited by a family planning field worker, which community-level people she felt were most appropriate to give family planning information, and whether she had ever heard of the condom, DuaLima, the brand being promoted by a social marketing program.

Section 4 Breastfeeding

The objective of this part was to collect information on maternal and child health, primarily that concerning place of birth, type of assistance at birth, breastfeeding practices, and supplementary food. Information was collected for children born since January 1982.

Section 5 Marriage

This section gathered information regarding the respondent's age at first marriage, number of times married, and whether the respondent and her husband ever lived with any of their parents. Several questions in this section were related to the frequency of sexual intercourse to determine the respondent's risk of pregnancy. Not all of the data collected in this section are presented in this report; some require more extensive analysis than is feasible at this stage.

Section 6 Fertility Preferences

Intentions about having another child, preferred birth interval, and ideal number of children were covered in this section.

Section 7 Husband's Background and Respondent's Work

Education, literacy and occupation of the respondent's husband made up this section of the questionnaire. It also collected information on the respondent's work pattern before and after marriage, and whether she was working at the time of interview.

Section 8 Interview Particulars

This section was used to record the language used in the interview and information about whether the interviewer was assisted by an interpreter. The individual questionnaire also included information regarding the duration of interview and presence of other persons at particular points during the interview. In addition to the questionnaires, two manuals were developed. The manual for interviewers contained explanations of how to conduct an interview, how to carry out the field activity, and how to fill out the questionnaires. Since information regarding age was vital in this survey, a table to convert months from Javanese, Sundanese and Islamic calendar systems to the Gregorian calendar was attached to the 1987 NICPS manual for the interviewers.

Response rate
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The NICPS covered a sample of nearly 15,000 households to interview 11,884 respondents. Respondents for the individual interview were ever-married women aged 15-49. During the data collection, 14,141 out of the 14,227 existing households and 11,884 out of 12,065 eligible women were successfully interviewed. In general, few problems were encountered during interviewing, and the response rate was high--99 percent for households and 99 percent for individual respondents.

Note: See APPENDIX A in the report for more information.

Sampling error estimates
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The results from sample surveys are affected by two types of errors: (1) non-sampling error and (2) sampling error. Non-sampling error is due to mistakes made in carrying out field activities, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, errors in the way questions are asked, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, data entry errors, etc. Although efforts were made during the design and implementation of the NICPS to minimize this type of error, non-sampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate analytically.

The sample of women selected in the NICPS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each one would have yielded results that differed somewhat from the actual sample selected. The sampling error is a measure of the variability between all possible samples; although it is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results. Sampling error is usually measured in terms of the "standard error" of a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which one can be reasonably assured that, apart from non-sampling errors, the true value of the variable for the whole population falls. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that same statistic as measured in 95 percent of all possible samples with the same design (and expected size) will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic.

If the sample of women had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straight forward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the NICPS sample design depended on stratification, stages, and clusters; consequently, it was necessary to utilize more complex formulas. The computer package CLUSTERS was used to assist in computing the sampling errors with the proper statistical methodology.

Note: See detailed estimate of sampling error calculation in APPENDIX B of the survey report.

摘要
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国家健康与人口调查（DHS）旨在作为政策制定者和研究界获取国际人口与健康信息的主要来源。总体而言，DHS具有以下四个目标：
- 向参与国家提供数据库和分析，以支持明智的决策；
- 扩展国际人口与健康数据库；
- 推进调查方法；
- 帮助参与国家培养开展人口与健康调查所需的技术能力和资源。
除了估计生育和避孕普及率外，DHS还涵盖儿童健康这一主题，已成为许多旨在提高生活质量的发展项目的焦点。印度尼西亚DHS调查未包含与健康相关的问题，因为此类信息已在1987年的SUSENAS调查中收集得更为详细，地理覆盖范围更广。因此，印度尼西亚DHS被称为“国家印度尼西亚避孕普及率调查”（NICPS）。
国家印度尼西亚避孕普及率调查（NICPS）是印度尼西亚国家家庭计划协调委员会（NFPCB）、西屋资源发展研究所和中央统计局（CBS）之间的合作项目。该调查是国际计划的一部分，该计划在亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲的发展中国家实施类似的调查。
1987年的NICPS专门设计以满足以下目标：
- 为计划组织者和政策制定者提供有关印度尼西亚人口家庭规划和生育行为的必要数据，以便评估和改进国家家庭规划计划；
- 测量生育和避孕普及率的变化，同时研究影响变化的因素，如婚姻模式、城乡居住、教育、母乳喂养习惯和避孕药的可用性。
地理覆盖范围
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全国
分析单元
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- 家庭
- 五岁以下儿童
- 15-49岁女性
- 男性
数据类型
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样本调查数据
抽样程序
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1987年NICPS的样本是从1987年1月和2月进行的年度国家社会经济调查（俗称SUSENAS）中抽取的。每年SUSENAS包括一套核心问题和一些每三年轮换一次的模块。1987年的SUSENAS主要模块涵盖了家庭收入、支出和消费。此外，在与卫生部的合作下，收集了有关5岁以下儿童的信息，包括食物补充模式、身高、体重和臂围的测量。在这个模块中，还询问了产前护理、接生人员类型和免疫接种的信息。
这次全国性调查覆盖了超过60,000个家庭，几乎遍布所有区县。数据由“Mantri Statistik”，即负责收集子区级数据的CBS官员收集。所有纳入所选人口普查块的户数都列在SSN 87-LI表格上。然后使用此表格选择SUSENAS中包含的每个模块的样本。这个特定的表格也用于选择1987年NICPS的样本家庭。
1987年SUSENAS的样本选择采用了多阶段抽样程序。第一阶段是从按块内家庭数量成比例的概率中选择一定数量的人口普查块。人口普查块是在1980年人口普查之前形成的统计区域，包含大约100个家庭。在第二阶段，从每个抽样人口普查块中系统地选择家庭。
1987年NICPS样本的选择也分两个阶段进行。第一阶段是从1987年SUSENAS中选择的那些人口普查块中选择。在第二阶段，从所选人口普查块中系统地选择一定数量的家庭。
数据收集方式
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面对面（f2f）
研究工具
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家庭问卷用于记录所选家庭中通常居住的所有成员。问卷用于识别家庭中的合格受访者，并为计算人口统计测量值（如生育率和避孕使用率）提供基数。
个人问卷用于所有15-49岁已婚妇女，包括以下八个部分：
第一部分 受访者背景
本部分收集与受访者和家庭相关的信息，如当前和过去的流动性、年龄、教育、识字、宗教和媒体接触。与家庭相关的信息包括饮用水、沐浴和洗涤的水源、厕所类型、耐用商品的拥有权以及地板类型。
第二部分 再生产
本部分收集有关所有曾出生的孩子的信息，包括孩子的性别、出生的月份和年份、孩子的存活状态、孩子死亡时的年龄以及孩子是否与受访者同住。使用本部分收集的信息，可以计算生育率和死亡率，特别是婴儿和儿童死亡率。通过本部分收集的出生史数据，可以计算生育趋势。本部分还包括一个问题，询问受访者是否在采访时怀孕，以及她对每月月经周期中女性生育期的了解。
第三部分 家庭规划知识与实践
本部分是1987年NICPS调查最重要的部分之一。在此，受访者被问及是否听说过或使用过列出的任何家庭规划方法。如果受访者使用过避孕方法，她将被问及有关该方法的具体问题。对于自1982年1月以后生育孩子的妇女，还询问了在生育间隔期间使用的家庭规划方法。本部分还包括有关方法来源、使用质量、非使用原因和未来使用意图的问题。这些数据有望回答有关家庭规划使用有效性的问题。最后，本部分还包括有关受访者是否被家庭规划现场工作者访问、她认为哪些社区层面的个人最适合提供家庭规划信息以及她是否听说过由社会营销计划推广的DuaLima（避孕套品牌）的问题。
第四部分 母乳喂养
本部分旨在收集有关母亲和儿童健康的信息，主要关注出生地点、分娩时的帮助类型、母乳喂养习惯和补充食品。收集了自1982年1月以后出生的孩子的信息。
第五部分 婚姻
本部分收集有关受访者首次结婚的年龄、结婚次数以及受访者和她的丈夫是否曾与任何父母同住。本部分的一些问题与性交频率有关，以确定受访者的怀孕风险。本部分收集的数据并非全部在本报告中呈现；其中一些需要比现阶段可行更深入的分析。
第六部分 生育偏好
本部分涵盖了关于是否要再要一个孩子、理想生育间隔和理想孩子数量的意愿。
第七部分 丈夫背景和受访者工作
受访者丈夫的教育、识字和职业构成了问卷的这一部分。它还收集了受访者结婚前后的工作模式以及她是否在采访时在工作。
第八部分 采访细节
本部分用于记录采访中使用的语言以及有关采访员是否得到翻译人员协助的信息。个人问卷还包括有关采访持续时间和采访过程中特定时间点的其他人员在场的信息。除了问卷外，还开发了两个手册。采访员手册包含如何进行采访、如何执行现场活动和如何填写问卷的解释。由于年龄信息在本调查中至关重要，因此附上了将爪哇语、巽他语和伊斯兰日历系统中的月份转换为公历的表格，作为1987年NICPS采访员手册的一部分。
响应率
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NICPS涵盖了近15,000个家庭的样本，对11,884名受访者进行了采访。个人采访的受访者是15-49岁的已婚妇女。在数据收集过程中，14,141户中的14,227户和12,065名合格女性中的11,884名成功接受了采访。总的来说，在采访过程中遇到的问题很少，响应率很高——家庭为99%，个人受访者为99%。
注意：有关更多信息，请参阅报告的附录A。
抽样误差估计
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样本调查的结果受到两种类型误差的影响：（1）非抽样误差和（2）抽样误差。非抽样误差是由于在现场活动中出现的错误造成的，例如未能找到和采访正确的家庭、提问方式错误、采访员或受访者对问题的误解、数据输入错误等。尽管在NICPS的设计和实施过程中努力最大限度地减少此类误差，但非抽样误差是不可避免的，且难以进行定量分析。
NICPS中选中的女性样本只是从同一人口中可能选择的许多样本之一，使用相同的设计和预期规模。每个样本都会产生与实际样本选择略有不同的结果。抽样误差是衡量所有可能样本之间差异的指标；尽管具体值未知，但可以从调查结果中进行估计。抽样误差通常以特定统计量（均值、百分比等）的“标准误差”来衡量，这是方差的平方根。标准误差可用于计算置信区间，在此区间内，可以合理地保证，除了非抽样误差外，变量的真实值对于整个群体来说是可信的。例如，对于从样本调查中计算出的任何给定的统计量，该统计量在所有可能样本中的95%的样本（具有相同的设计和预期规模）中测量的值将落在该统计量标准误差的两倍范围内。
如果女性样本被选为简单随机样本，就可以使用简单的公式来计算抽样误差。然而，NICPS的样本设计依赖于分层、阶段和聚类；因此，有必要利用更复杂的公式。使用计算机软件CLUSTERS协助使用正确的统计方法计算抽样误差。
注意：有关抽样误差计算的详细估计，请参阅调查报告的附录B。