THE LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF LOANWORDS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

This article examines the lexical and semantic characteristics of loanwords in the Russian language. Borrowing is one of the most important processes of vocabulary development and reflects historical, political, economic, scientific, and cultural contacts between Russian-speaking society and other nations. The study focuses on the adaptation of borrowed words at the phonetic, grammatical, lexical, and semantic levels. Particular attention is paid to changes in meaning that occur after foreign words enter the Russian lexical system. Some loanwords preserve their original meanings, whereas others undergo semantic narrowing, semantic broadening, specialization, or stylistic transformation.