Asset Recovery and Standards of Proof: Confiscation and Civil Remedies

This ARGA Observatory report examines the recovery of assets through criminal confiscation, non-conviction-based confiscation and civil proceedings. It compares standards and burdens of proof, tracing methods, banking and electronic evidence, and mechanisms for obtaining material across borders. Seven judicial case studies and six hypothetical scenarios illustrate the relationship between legal strategy, evidentiary gaps, third-party rights and enforcement. The report also considers international cooperation under the United Nations Convention against Corruption and the practical implementation of recovery decisions. This publication includes the Russian and English versions.