Participant demographic information.

The Phonological Mismatch Negativity (PMN) is an ERP component said to index the processing of phonological information, and is known to increase in amplitude when phonological expectations are violated. For example, in a context that generates expectation of a certain phoneme, the PMN will become relatively more negative if the phoneme is switched for an alternative. The response is comparable to other temporally-proximate components, insofar as it indicates a neurological response to unexpected auditory input, but remains considered distinct by the field on the basis of its proposed specific sensitivity to phonology. Despite this, reports of the PMN overlap notably, both in temporal and topographic distribution, with the Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and the N400, and limited research to date has been conducted to establish whether these extant distinctions withstand testing. In the present study, we investigate the PMN’s sensitivity to non-linguistic mismatches so as to test the response’s specific language sensitivity. Participants heard primes—three-syllable words—played simultaneously to three-note tunes, with the instructions to attend exclusively to either the linguistic or musical content. They were then tasked with removing the first syllable (phoneme manipulation) or note (music manipulation) to form the target. Targets either matched or mismatched primes, thus achieving physically identical note or phoneme mismatches. Results show that a PMN was not elicited during the musical mismatch condition, a finding which supports suggestions that the PMN may be a language-specific response. However, our results also indicate that further research is necessary to determine the relationship between the PMN and N400. Though our paper probes a previously unstudied dimension of the PMN, questions still remain surrounding whether the PMN, although seemingly language-specific, is truly a phonology-specific component.