Enterprise Survey 2003-2006-2010-2017, Panel Data - Ecuador

Abstract
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The documented dataset covers Enterprise Survey (ES) panel data collected in Ecuador in 2003, 2006, 2010 and 2017, as part of Latin America and the Caribbean Enterprise Surveys rollout, an initiative of the World Bank. The objective of the Enterprise Survey is to gain an understanding of what firms experience in the private sector as well as to help in building a panel of enterprise data that will make it possible to track changes in the business environment over time, thus allowing, for example, impact assessments of reforms.

Enterprise Surveys target a sample consisting of longitudinal (panel) observations and new cross-sectional data. Panel firms are prioritized in the sample selection, comprising up to 50% of the sample. For all panel firms, regardless of the sample, current eligibility or operating status is determined and included in panel datasets.

Ecuador ES 2010 was conducted in June 2010 - October 2010, Ecuador ES 2017 was carried out in March - October 2017. Stratified random sampling was used to select the surveyed businesses. Data was collected using face-to-face interviews.

Data from 1,838 establishments was analyzed: 272 businesses were from 2003 only, 335 firms were from 2006 only, 152 - from 2010 only, 275 - from 2017 only, 74 firms were from 2010 and 2017, 204 - from 2006 and 2010, 36 firms were from 2003, 2006, 2010 and 2017.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs and labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90 percent of the questions objectively measure characteristics of a country’s business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance.

Geographic coverage
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National

Analysis unit
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The primary sampling unit of the study is an establishment. An establishment is a physical location where business is carried out and where industrial operations take place or services are provided. A firm may be composed of one or more establishments. For example, a brewery may have several bottling plants and several establishments for distribution. For the purposes of this survey an establishment must make its own financial decisions and have its own financial statements separate from those of the firm. An establishment must also have its own management and control over its payroll.

Universe
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The whole population. The whole population, or universe of the study, is the non-agricultural economy. It comprises: all manufacturing sectors according to the group classification of ISIC Revision 3.1: (group D), construction sector (group F), services sector (groups G and H), and transport, storage, and communications sector (group I). Note that this definition excludes the following sectors: financial intermediation (group J), real estate and renting activities (group K, except sub-sector 72, IT, which was added to the population under study), and all public or utilities-sectors.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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Three levels of stratification were used in this country: industry, establishment size, and region.

Industry stratification was designed as follows: the universe was stratified into Manufacturing industries (ISIC Rev. 3.1 codes 15- 37), Retail industries (ISIC code 52) and Other Services (ISIC codes 45, 50, 51, 55, 60-64, and 72).

Size stratification was defined as follows: small (5 to 19 employees), medium (20 to 99 employees), and large (100 or more employees).

The sample frame consisted of listings of firms from two sources: for panel firms the list of 366 firms from the Ecuador 2010 ES was used, and for fresh firms (i.e., firms not covered in 2010) the list obtained from the Superintendencia de Compañías Valores y Seguros del Ecuador, 2016.

In 2010, Regional stratification was defined in three locations (city and the surrounding business area): Pichincha, Guayas, and Azuay.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Cleaning operations
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Data entry and quality controls are implemented by the contractor and data is delivered to the World Bank in batches (typically 10%, 50% and 100%). These data deliveries are checked for logical consistency, out of range values, skip patterns, and duplicate entries. Problems are flagged by the World Bank and corrected by the implementing contractor through data checks, callbacks, and revisiting establishments.

Response rate
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Survey non-response must be differentiated from item non-response. The former refers to refusals to participate in the survey altogether whereas the latter refers to the refusals to answer some specific questions. Enterprise Surveys suffer from both problems and different strategies were used to address these issues.

Item non-response was addressed by two strategies:
a- For sensitive questions that may generate negative reactions from the respondent, such as corruption or tax evasion, enumerators were instructed to collect "Refusal to respond" (-8) as a different option from "Don't know" (-9).
b- Establishments with incomplete information were re-contacted in order to complete this information, whenever necessary.

Survey non-response was addressed by maximizing efforts to contact establishments that were initially selected for interview. Attempts were made to contact the establishment for interview at different times/days of the week before a replacement establishment (with similar strata characteristics) was suggested for interview. Survey non-response did occur but substitutions were made in order to potentially achieve strata-specific goals.

摘要
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本记录的数据库涵盖了2003年、2006年、2010年和2017年在厄瓜多尔收集的企业调查（ES）面板数据，这是世界银行发起的拉丁美洲及加勒比海地区企业调查项目的一部分。企业调查旨在深入了解私营部门企业的经历，并有助于构建一个企业数据面板，以便能够跟踪随着时间的推移商业环境的变迁，从而允许进行例如改革影响的评估。
企业调查针对的样本包括纵向（面板）观测和新的横截面数据。在样本选择中，优先考虑面板企业，占样本的50%以上。对于所有面板企业，无论样本如何，都会确定并包括其当前的资格或运营状态。
厄瓜多尔企业调查2010年于2010年6月至10月进行，厄瓜多尔企业调查2017年于2017年3月至10月进行。采用分层随机抽样方法选择调查企业。数据通过面对面访谈收集。
分析了1,838个机构的数据：仅2003年有272家企业，仅2006年有335家企业，仅2010年有152家企业，仅2017年有275家企业，74家企业来自2010年和2017年，204家企业来自2006年和2010年，36家企业来自2003年、2006年、2010年和2017年。
标准的企业调查主题包括企业特征、性别参与、融资渠道、年销售额、投入和劳动力成本、劳动力构成、贿赂、许可、基础设施、贸易、犯罪、竞争、产能利用率、土地和许可证、税收、非正式性、商业与政府关系、创新和技术以及绩效指标。超过90%的问题客观衡量了国家商业环境的特征。其余问题评估了调查受访者对企业增长和绩效障碍的看法。
地理覆盖范围
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全国
分析单元
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研究的初级抽样单元是机构。机构是指从事商业活动和工业运营或提供服务的地方。一个企业可能由一个或多个机构组成。例如，一家啤酒厂可能有几个灌装厂和几个分销机构。在本调查中，机构必须能够独立做出财务决策，并拥有与公司分开的财务报表。机构还必须拥有自己的管理权限和对其工资单的控制。
总体
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整个总体。研究的总体是非农业经济。它包括：根据ISIC修订版3.1的分组分类的所有制造业部门（D组）、建筑部门（F组）、服务部门（G组和H组），以及运输、仓储和通信部门（I组）。请注意，此定义不包括以下部门：金融中介（J组）、房地产和租赁活动（K组，除子部门72、IT外，该子部门已纳入研究总体），以及所有公共或公用事业部门。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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在本国使用了三个层次的分层：行业、机构规模和地区。
行业分层设计如下：总体被分为制造业（ISIC Rev. 3.1代码15-37）、零售业（ISIC代码52）和其他服务（ISIC代码45、50、51、55、60-64和72）。
规模分层定义为：小型（5至19名员工）、中型（20至99名员工）和大型（100名或以上员工）。
样本框架由两个来源的企业列表组成：对于面板企业，使用了厄瓜多尔2010年ES的366家企业列表，对于新鲜企业（即未被2010年涵盖的企业），使用了从厄瓜多尔公司、证券和保险监管局2016年获得的企业列表。
2010年，地区分层在三个地点（城市及其周边商业区域）定义：皮钦查、瓜亚斯和阿苏艾。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
数据清理操作
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数据录入和质量控制由承包商实施，数据以批量形式（通常是10%、50%和100%）提交给世界银行。这些数据交付将检查逻辑一致性、超出范围值、跳过模式以及重复条目。问题将由世界银行标记并由实施承包商通过数据检查、回访和重新访问机构进行纠正。
响应率
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调查非响应必须与项目非响应区分开来。前者指拒绝参与整个调查，而后者指拒绝回答某些特定问题。企业调查面临着这两种问题，并采取了不同的策略来解决这些问题。
项目非响应通过两种策略解决：
a- 对于可能引起受访者负面反应的敏感问题，例如腐败或逃税，调查员被指示将“拒绝回答”（-8）作为与“不知道”（-9）不同的选项收集。
b- 对于信息不完整的企业，在必要时将重新联系以完成这些信息。
调查非响应通过最大程度地努力联系最初选定的访谈企业来解决。在建议替代企业（具有相似分层特征的）接受访谈之前，将在不同时间/星期几尝试联系该企业进行访谈。调查非响应确实发生了，但进行了替代，以可能实现特定分层目标。