Monocyte exhaustion mediated by TRAM

We performed single cell sequencing analysis of exhausted monocytes generated in vitro through prolonged incubation with high dose LPS. We demonstated that 5-day prolonged stimulation of WT but not TRAM KO monocytes with high dose LPS drastically induced monocyte exhaustion, as reflected in higher levels of inflammatory marker genes such as CD38 and immuno-suppressor genes including PD-L1. WT or TRAM KO murine monocytes were treated with either PBS or 100 ng/ml LPS for a 5 day period. Treated cells were harvested and used to perform single cell sequencing analysis.