Table 1 in The first known riodinid ' cuckoo' butterfly reveals deep-time convergence and parallelism in ant social parasites

Table 1. Homoplastic ecomorphological traits shared between Aricoris arenarum (Riodinidae) and Niphanda fusca (Lycaenidae) (for details, see Fig. 8 and Discussion)
Ecomorphological traitPotential type of homoplasyHypothetical adaptive significanceAnt–hemipteran-dependent ovipositionConvergenceIncreases the likelihood of interactionLoss of plant specificity and oviposition on PoaceaeConvergenceExploitation of new ant–plant– hemipteran systemsFeed on liquids (hemipteran honeydew and ant regurgitations)ConvergenceReduction of symbiotic cost by not feeding directly on plant tissue, hemipterans or antsSocial parasitismConvergenceStable and enemy-free environment (ant nest) during cold months and nutritional benefitsPinkish last instar caterpillarsConvergenceLack of plant pigments and/or no selection for visual crypsisLong thoracic setae directed forwardsParallelism and convergenceTactile communication with hemipterans and antsReduction of dorsal setae on metathoraxParallelismImproved mobility of the anterior portion, facilitating ant trophallaxisTentacle organs on eighth abdominal segmentConvergence and parallelismChemical communication with tending ants