Multidimensional Frailty and Sarcopenia in Aging: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Their Reciprocal Relationship

The presence of sarcopenia is associated with an increased likelihood of multidimensional (physical, cognitive, psychological, social) frailty in older patients.Two researchers independently extracted data, including first author, publication year, study type, sample size, gender, mean age of participants, sarcopenia diagnostic criteria, frailty diagnostic type, measurement tools, 95% CI (adjusted for the maximum confounding factor), and adjusted variables. The quality of each study was assessed using the bias risk assessment tool recommended by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Two researchers independently conducted the quality assessments, and any discrepancies were resolved through discussion. If consensus could not be reached, a third reviewer was consulted to make the final decision. We summarized the descriptions of the original studies using tables and forest plots based on frailty and sarcopenia.