Gene expression associated with unfavorable vaginal bleeding in women using the etonogestrel subdermal contraceptive implant: a prospective study

Objective: To evaluate gene expression associated with unfavorable vaginal bleeding in users of the Etonogestrel (ENG) contraceptive implant. Materials and Methods: prospective study involving 100 women who intended to use the ENG implant. Exclusion criteria included abnormal uterine bleeding, inability to attend a 1-year follow-up, and implant removal for reasons unrelated to vaginal bleeding or loss of follow-up. We obtained endometrial biopsies before implant placement and assessed the expression of 20 selected genes. Users maintained a uterine bleeding diary for 12 months post-implant placement. For statistical analysis, we categorized women into those with or without favorable vaginal bleeding at 3 and 12 months.