Results of Mendelian randomization analyses for the associations of GLIS3-rs7034200 with type 2 diabetes, IFG and combined IFG/type 2 diabetes.

Data on HOMA-B and log-transformed HOMA-IR were standardized to z-score before analyses and effect size are presented as standardized βs (z-score).*β1: the effect size of association between GLIS3-rs7034200 and HOMA-B (or HOMA-IR).†β2: the effect size of association between HOMA-B (or HOMA-IR) and type 2 diabetes (or IFG or combined IFG/type 2 diabetes).‡β(obs): Observed effect size of associations between GLIS3-rs7034200 and type 2 diabetes (or IFG or combined IFG/type 2 diabetes).§β(exp): Expected effect of associations between variants and type 2 diabetes (or IFG or combined IFG/type 2 diabetes) via HOMA-B (or HOMA-IR), calculated by β1×β2.||P (obs/exp): P-value for difference between β (obs) and β (exp).¶Proportion: The proportion of associations between GLIS3-rs7034200 and type 2 diabetes (or IFG or combined IFG/type 2 diabetes) that could be explained by the association with HOMA-B (or HOMA-IR), calculated by β (exp)/β (obs).