Interpretation of Relativistic Effects Based on the Orthogonal Distribution of the Speed of Light

Traditional interpretations of relativistic effects rely on the spacetime geometric framework, which suffer from an abstract physical picture and difficulties in concretizing the core attribution. Under the fundamental constraint of the constancy of the speed of light, this paper proposes a physical mechanism based on the orthogonal distribution of the speed of light to explain various relativistic effects. The speed of light in vacuum is decomposed into two orthogonal components: the macroscopic translational velocity and the microscopic intrinsic velocity of an object. The two components share the speed quota of light, and their resultant velocity is always equal to the speed of light. Gravitational fields affect this orthogonal relationship by modulating the distribution coefficient of the light speed components.Based on this mechanism, the basic formula of orthogonal light speed distribution, together with its gravitational field-corrected form and energy form, are derived, and the physical essence of the mass-energy equation is reinterpreted. The physical nature of special relativistic effects such as length contraction, time dilation and aberration of light is systematically explained, and the numerical results of classical general relativistic experiments including the perihelion precession of Mercury, frame dragging, gravitational lensing and gravitational redshift are reproduced. It is clarified that all kinds of relativistic effects are apparent measurement effects caused by the orthogonal distribution of the speed of light.Meanwhile, self-consistent explanations are provided for key dilemmas in quantum mechanics and cosmology, such as quantum tunneling, quantum entanglement, the numerical discrepancy of the cosmological constant, cosmic expansion, dark energy and dark matter. Results show that the orthogonal distribution mechanism of the speed of light is logically self-consistent and features a concrete physical picture. It can give a unified and intuitive interpretation of special and general relativistic effects without introducing abstract concepts such as four-dimensional spacetime and curvature tensor, enriching the interpretation approaches to relativistic effects and providing a new perspective for the in-depth study of related physical phenomena.