Literature bounds on parameter values.

The top portion of the table outlines scalars. The second block summarises scaling exponents, and the third block the full exponent range for Eq (4) where extreme min-max limits are given for completeness. However, there is consensus that αr, αδ ≃ −1/4, also verified in a substantial recent review [27]. Similarly, despite the potential range for αb and αh, in large generalised studies typically 1/2 ≤ αb ≤ 1 [25, 26], and αh ≤ 1/8 [6, 25, 26] which significantly constrain the exponent ranges in (4). The bottom section of the table therefore provides exponent values in the rescaled system based on upper/lower bounds for the most plausible generalised empirical scaling values for (2) (as determined by cited articles), i.e. those found from studies with large quantities of data, across broad taxonomic and size ranges, and/or named outliers being excluded [6, 22, 25–29].