Gradual warming prior to the end-Permian mass extinction

The biggest known mass extinction in the history of animal life occurred at the Permian-Triassic boundary and has often been linked to global warming. Previous studies suggested that a geologically rapid (less than 40 kyr) temperature increase of more than 10°C occurred simultaneously with the main extinction pulse. This hypothesis is challenged by geochemical and palaeontological data indicating profound environmental perturbations and a temperature rise prior to the main extinction. Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS), we measured oxygen isotope ratios from Changhsingian (Late Permian) ostracods of northwestern Iran. Our data show that ambient seawater temperature began to rise at least 300 kyr prior to the main extinction event. Gradual warming by approximately 12°C was probably responsible for initial environmental degradation that eventually culminated in the global end-Permian mass extinction.