Delivery of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteriophages within osteoconductive biomaterial as an adjuvant to surgery

We used hydroxyapatite-calcium sulphate pellets to deliver phages locally in two patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae bone or joint infections. Patients received either a personalized or predefined phage cocktail intraoperatively via these pellets. In vitro, phages remained infectious at high concentrations for 4 days. Clinically, phage particles were detected in surgical drainage for 3 days in one patient, showing persistence at the infection site. No adverse events or infections occurred post-surgery.