Multi-omic characterization of human sural nerves across polyneuropathies [snRNA-seq]

Diseases of peripheral nerves termed polyneuropathies (PNPs) are common, mechanistically heterogeneous, and challenging to diagnose. Here, we integrated single nucleusi transcriptomics of peripheral nerves from 33 human PNP patients and four controls (365,708 nuclei) with subcellular spatial transcriptomics. We identified novel and human-specific nerve cell type markers including unexpectedly heterogeneous perineurial fibroblasts. All PNPs shared a loss of myelinating and an increase in repair Schwann cells and endoneurial lipid-associated macrophages. Transcriptional changes affected multiple cells outside of the endoneurium across PNPs, suggesting PNPs as ‘pan-nerve diseases’. Spatially, PNPs showed a previously unknown perineurial hyperplasia and fibrotic dispersion and this was most pronounced in immune-mediated PNPs. Single cell transcriptomics supported the differential diagnosis of PNPs with potential for future unbiased diagnostic classification. Sural nerves were collected from 33 polyneuropathy patients and four controls. The samples were processed with single nucleus RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics (Xenium)