Uptake and effects on the kidney of Diclofenac exposed via the water in a model fish species.

Diclofenac, one of the most widely prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) worldwide, has been proven to cause adverse effects in vultures with major environmental consequences. Diclofenac is frequently detected in surface waters; however, whether this pharmaceutical poses a risk to the aquatic environment remains a debated subject and is currently unclear. We aimed to evaluate the uptake, and tissue and molecular responses in the kidney for water borne exposure to diclofenac in a model fish species (fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas).