Patterns of cell invasion depend on cell adhesion and contractility.

In the absence of proliferation, changing the adhesion parameter and the focal point plasticity parameter does not significantly alter tissue structure. (A) Images were generated using JLEP,LEP, JMEP,LEP, and JMEP,MEP values of −2, −1, −0.5; −10, −5, −2.5; −20, −10, −5; −40, −20, −10; and −100, −50, −25 with FPPP set to zero. (B) Images were generated using FPP parameters of 5 and 0.5, 25 and 2.5, 50 and 5, 75 and 7.5, and 100 and 10 for homotypic and heterotypic interactions, respectively. With high proliferation (mitosis every 65 MCS) and high apoptosis (1% probability), changing the adhesion parameter and the focal point plasticity parameter affects cell invasion. (C) When cell adhesion is decreased cells invade from the entire periphery of the tissue. Adhesion and FPP parameters were all set to 0. (D) Increased cell adhesion inhibits invasion. Adhesion parameters were set to −100, −50, and −25 for JLEP,LEP, JMEP,LEP, and JMEP,MEP, respectively. (E) Quantification of tissues with invasion at the end and the duct region of each tissue at 3000 MCS. Simulations were run 20 times each for the parameters described in C–D. (F) When tissue contractility is decreased by lowering the λv,MEP and λv,LEP to 2 and 1, respectively and lowering FPPP to 1 and 0.1 for homotypic and heterotypic cell interactions, cell invasion is inhibited. (G) Increased tissue contractility increases invasion from the duct regions. λv,MEP and λv,LEP were set to 50 and 25, respectively and FPP parameters were increased to 100 and 10 for homotypic and heterotypic cell interactions. (H) Quantification of tissues with invasion at the end and the duct region of each tissue at 3000 MCS. Simulations were run 20 times each for the parameters described in F–G.