Strong selective effects of mitochondrial DNA on the nuclear genome

Oxidative phosphorylation, the primary source of cellular energy in eukaryotes, requires gene products encoded in both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. As a result, functional integration between the genomes is essential for efficient adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation. Although within populations this integration is presumably maintained by coevolution, the importance of mitonuclear coevolution in key biological processes such as speciation and mitochondrial disease has been questioned. In this study, we crossed populations of the intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus to disrupt putatively coevolved mitonuclear genotypes in reciprocal F2 hybrids. We utilized inter-individual variation in developmental rate among these hybrids as a proxy for fitness to assess the strength of selection imposed on the nuclear genome by alternate mitochondrial genotypes. Developmental rate varied among hybrid individuals, and in vitro ATP synthesis rates of mitochondria isolated from high fitness hybrids were approximately two-fold greater than those of mitochondria isolated from low fitness individuals. We then used Pool-seq to compare nuclear allele frequencies for high or low fitness hybrids. Significant biases for maternal alleles were detected on five (of 12) chromosomes in high fitness individuals of both reciprocal crosses, whereas maternal biases were largely absent in low fitness individuals. Therefore, the most fit hybrids were those with nuclear alleles that matched their mitochondrial genotype on these chromosomes, suggesting that mitonuclear effects underlie individual-level variation in developmental rate and that inter-genomic compatibility is critical for high fitness. We conclude that mitonuclear interactions can have profound impacts on both physiological performance and the evolutionary trajectory of the nuclear genome.