Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey, SLMPS 2022 - Sudan

Abstract
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The Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey 2022 (SLMPS 2022) is the first wave of a planned longitudinal study of the Sudanese labor market designed to elucidate the way in which human resources are developed and deployed in the Sudanese economy. The SLMPS 2022 is a nationally-representative household survey on a panel of about 5,000 households planned to be repeated every six years. The focus of the survey is to understand key relationships between labor market processes and outcomes and other socio-economic processes such as education, training, family formation and fertility, internal and international migration, gender equality and women's empowerment, enterprise development, housing acquisition, and equality of opportunity and intergenerational mobility.

The SLMPS 2022 is modeled on similar surveys carried out in Egypt in 1998, 2006, 2012, and 2018 in Jordan in 2010 and 2016, and in Tunisia in 2014. All of these surveys started out with a sample of 5,000 households in the first wave and then the sample grew as a results of household splits and the addition of a refresher sample in every new wave. The SLMPS 2022 also includes modules from the Living Standards Measurement Study Plus (LSMS+) surveys that focus on gender disaggregated asset, employment, and entrepreneurship data. Given the level of detail desired in the individual level information, it is crucial in this survey that the information be collected from the individual him or herself rather than from any informant in the household. Therefore, the survey design calls for a number of visits to the same household to make sure that each individual aged five and older can be interviewed in person.

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For details on the key characteristics of the SLMPS 2022, see:
Krafft C., Assaad R., and Cheung R.(2023). Introducing the Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey 2022. Economic Research Forum Working Paper No. 1647
https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-sudan-labor-market-panel-survey-2022/
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Geographic coverage
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The sample was designed to provide estimates of the indicators at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for all regions.
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For detailed information on the regions and governorates used in the SLMPS 2022 Sample, see:
Krafft C., Assaad R., and Cheung R.(2023). Introducing the Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey 2022. Economic Research Forum Working Paper No. 1647
https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-sudan-labor-market-panel-survey-2022/
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Analysis unit
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1- Households.
2- Individuals.
3- Household Enterprises.

Universe
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The survey covered a national sample of households and all household's members aged five and above. In addition, the survey covered enterprises operated by the household.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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A fundamental challenge when designing the SLMPS sample was the lack of a recent, nationally representative sample frame. The last national population census in Sudan was in 2008, before the secession of South Sudan. There had also been limited updating of administrative borders and maps. The first level of administrative geography in Sudan is the state (wilaya), and there are 18 states in Sudan. The second level of administrative geography in Sudan is the locality (mahaliya), and CBS had updated the borders of localities in 2017 to 189 distinct geographies (each locality nested within a single state).). The principal investigators (C. Krafft and R. Assaad) used the updated borders combined with 2020 population estimates based on remote sensing data to create our sampling frame and draw our sample. These sources were supplemented with additional data to identify refugee and IDP camps and areas for our strata.
The planned sample design was a random stratified cluster sample made up of 5,000 households sub-divided into 250 primary sampling units (PSUs). The strata represented in the sample are:
(i) refugee camps,
(ii) refugee areas (areas with non-camp refugee settlements),
(iii) IDP camps,
(iv) IDP areas (areas with non-camp IDP settlements),
(v) other (non-refugee/non-IDP) rural areas,
(vi) other urban areas.
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For details on the sampling of the SLMPS 2022, see:
Krafft C., Assaad R., and Cheung R.(2023). Introducing the Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey 2022. Economic Research Forum Working Paper No. 1647
https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-sudan-labor-market-panel-survey-2022/
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Sampling deviation
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The realities of the sample frame and the logistics of fielding led to a number of deviations from the planned sample in fielding. While the initial sample was estimated to have a reasonable number of households in each PSU based on satellite imaging and population projections, there were cases where a PSU did not, in fact, have any or many households. All PSU locations were reviewed first in the CBS offices to identify locations that were empty or where there appeared to be five or fewer households and these locations were replaced with backup PSUs. There were a variety of reasons why a PSU might have few or no households, including that it consisted of industrial/commercial (not residential) buildings, that it was a mine or grain storage area, or that it had rocks or grain silos that looked like residences.
When office review determined there were at least five or more potential households on the satellite maps, fielding was attempted. However, a number of issues arose in the field as well. Upon visiting, buildings were determined to be non-residential, or were abandoned. Furthermore, a number of locations were determined to be unsafe to field, a status that even changed and fluctuated frequently during the fieldwork. Persistent sandstorms also prevented fielding in specific localities. The rainy season likewise made some locations inaccessible for fielding. Backup samples were created; initially one urban and one rural backup were provided per state,
and further backups were drawn as needed to replace PSUs that could not be fielded. Backups were, if possible, from the same strata and always from the same state. When possible, additional backups were also drawn from the same locality in an attempt to minimize bias. However, there
were cases when an entire locality became inaccessible.
Ultimately, 152 PSUs from the original sample of 250 were fielded in the initially planned locations. Nine of the initially planned backups were used. For the remainder, 24 were replaced by the first replacement given, 17 by the second, 17 by the third, 9 by the fourth, 6 by the fifth, 4 by the seventh, and the remaining 12 by various higher order replacements. Repeated replacements tended to occur in localities with a high share of buildings (e.g. mines, grain storage) that the population estimates likely mistook for residences.

===============================================================================================
For details on the sampling of the SLMPS 2022, see:
Krafft C., Assaad R., and Cheung R.(2023). Introducing the Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey 2022. Economic Research Forum Working Paper No. 1647
https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-sudan-labor-market-panel-survey-2022/
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Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The SLMPS questionnaires consist of a household questionnaire and an individual questionnaire, with modules. The modules built on and ensured substantial comparability with other LMPSs.
The household questionnaire includes: (i) identifiers and household location (ii) roster of household members (iii) housing conditions and durable assets (iv) current household member migrants abroad (v) remittances (vi) other income and transfers (vii) shocks and coping mechanisms (viii) non-agricultural enterprises, including information on characteristics, employment of household members and others, assets, expenditures, and revenue (ix) agricultural assets, land and parcels, capital equipment, livestock, crops, and other agricultural income. The individual questionnaire collects data from all individuals 5 and older (children under five are captured in the household roster). The individual questionnaire elicits information about (i) residential mobility (ii) father's, mother's and sibling characteristics (including siblings abroad) (iv) health (v) education level and detailed educational history (vi) training experiences (vii) skills (viii) current employment and unemployment (viii) job characteristics for the primary and secondary job (ix) labor market history (x) costs and characteristics of marriage (ix) fertility (xii) women's employment (xiii) wages from primary and any secondary jobs (xiv) return migration, refugee, and IDP experiences for Sudanese respondents (xv) modules for immigration and refugees for non-Sudanese respondents (xvi) information technology (xvi) savings and borrowing (xvii) attitudes (xviii) time use (a full 24 hour diary for adults and a shorter module for children) and (xix) a series of questions on rights to parcels, livestock, and durables.

For more details, see the questionnaires in the documentation.

Response rate
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Households and individuals aged five and older were visited up to three times. A proxy respondent could be taken only if the individual was not available in the three times visits. Individuals ultimately might have non-response if they refused to respond, or, if on the third visit, the individual was not available and a proxy was not available to respond on their behalf. Of the 21,057 individuals aged five and older in the household roster data, 20,086 (95%) consented to and completed the individual questionnaire. Among the 971 individuals who did not complete the individual questionnaire, 74 were not available on the third visit and no proxy was available. The remaining 897 refused or, if under 18, may have refused themselves or had parents refuse to consent for them to be interviewed. Individuals who did not respond would still be among those listed by the household in the roster, so we have their basic demographic characteristics, but not the detailed individual interview data.

摘要
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苏丹劳动力市场面板调查2022年（SLMPS 2022）是针对苏丹劳动力市场的一项计划中的纵向研究的第一波调查，旨在阐明人力资源在苏丹经济中的开发与配置方式。SLMPS 2022是一项针对约5,000户家庭的全国代表性家庭调查，计划每六年重复一次。调查的重点在于理解劳动力市场过程与结果之间，以及其他社会经济过程（如教育、培训、家庭形成与生育、国内与国际移民、性别平等与女性赋权、企业发展、住房获取、机会均等与代际流动性）之间的关键关系。
SLMPS 2022借鉴了在1998年、2006年、2012年和2018年进行的埃及调查，以及在2010年和2016年进行的约旦调查，以及在2014年进行的突尼斯调查。所有这些调查在第一波中都从5,000户家庭的样本开始，然后样本随着家庭分裂和每波调查中新增的补充样本而增长。SLMPS 2022还包括来自生活标准测量研究加（LSMS+）调查的模块，这些模块侧重于性别分化的资产、就业和创业数据。鉴于对个体层面信息的详细程度的需求，在此调查中，从个人本人而非家庭中的任何信息提供者收集信息至关重要。因此，调查设计要求对同一家庭进行多次访问，以确保每个5岁及以上的个人都能接受面对面访谈。

详细信息请参阅：
Krafft C., Assaad R., and Cheung R.(2023). 介绍苏丹劳动力市场面板调查2022年。经济研究论坛工作论文No. 1647
https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-sudan-labor-market-panel-survey-2022/

地理覆盖范围
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样本设计旨在为国家层面、城市和农村地区以及所有地区提供指标估计。

详细信息请参阅：
Krafft C., Assaad R., and Cheung R.(2023). 介绍苏丹劳动力市场面板调查2022年。经济研究论坛工作论文No. 1647
https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-sudan-labor-market-panel-survey-2022/

分析单元
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1- 家庭。
2- 个人。
3- 家庭企业。

总体
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调查覆盖了全国范围内的家庭以及所有5岁及以上的家庭成员。此外，调查还涵盖了家庭运营的企业。

数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]

抽样程序
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设计SLMPS样本时的一个基本挑战是缺乏最近的国家代表性样本框架。苏丹上一次全国人口普查是在2008年，在南苏丹分离之前。行政边界和地图的更新也有限。苏丹的第一级行政地理单位是州（wilaya），苏丹有18个州。苏丹的第二级行政地理单位是地区（mahaliya），国家统计局在2017年更新了地区的边界，共有189个不同的地理区域（每个地区嵌套在单个州内）。主要研究人员（C. Krafft和R. Assaad）使用更新的边界与基于遥感数据的2020年人口估计相结合，创建了我们的抽样框架并抽取了样本。这些来源还辅以额外的数据来识别难民营和流离失所者营地以及用于我们层级的地区。
计划中的样本设计是一个由5,000户家庭组成的随机分层聚类样本，分为250个一级抽样单位（PSU）。样本中代表的层级包括：（i）难民营，（ii）难民地区（非难民营难民定居点地区），（iii）流离失所者营地，（iv）流离失所者地区（非难民营流离失所者定居点地区），（v）其他（非难民/非流离失所者）农村地区，（vi）其他城市地区。

详细信息请参阅：
Krafft C., Assaad R., and Cheung R.(2023). 介绍苏丹劳动力市场面板调查2022年。经济研究论坛工作论文No. 1647
https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-sudan-labor-market-panel-survey-2022/

抽样偏差
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样本框架的现实和实地操作的物流导致在实地操作中出现了许多与计划样本的偏差。虽然根据卫星成像和人口预测，初步样本估计每个PSU都有合理数量的家庭，但在某些情况下，PSU实际上并没有或有很多家庭。首先在国家统计局办公室审查了所有PSU的位置，以确定空地或看似有五个或更少家庭的地点，并将这些地点替换为备用PSU。PSU中家庭数量很少或没有的原因有很多，包括它由工业/商业（非住宅）建筑组成，它是一个矿山或谷物存储区，或者它有岩石或谷物筒仓，看起来像住宅。
在办公室审查确定卫星地图上有至少五个或更多的潜在家庭时，将尝试进行实地操作。然而，在实地操作中也出现了一些问题。在访问时，确定建筑物为非住宅建筑，或被遗弃。此外，一些地点被确定为实地操作不安全，这一状态甚至在实地操作期间频繁变化和波动。持续的沙尘暴也阻止了在某些地区的实地操作。雨季同样使一些地点无法进行实地操作。创建了备用样本；最初每个州提供一城一乡的备用样本，根据需要抽取更多备用样本以替换无法实地操作的PSU。如果可能，备用样本来自同一层级，并且始终来自同一州。如果可能，还从同一地区抽取额外的备用样本，以尽量减少偏差。但是，也有整个地区变得无法进入的情况。
最终，在最初计划的250个PSU中，有152个在最初计划的位置进行了实地操作。最初计划的9个备用样本被使用。对于剩余的样本，24个被第一个替换，17个被第二个替换，17个被第三个替换，9个被第四个替换，6个被第五个替换，4个被第七个替换，剩余的12个由各种更高层次的替换替换。重复替换往往发生在建筑比例很高的地区（例如，矿山、谷物存储），人口估计可能将其误认为是住宅。

详细信息请参阅：
Krafft C., Assaad R., and Cheung R.(2023). 介绍苏丹劳动力市场面板调查2022年。经济研究论坛工作论文No. 1647
https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-sudan-labor-market-panel-survey-2022/

数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]

研究工具
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SLMPS问卷包括家庭问卷和个人问卷，以及模块。这些模块在构建和确保与其他LMPS的实质性可比性方面发挥了作用。
家庭问卷包括：（i）标识符和家庭位置，（ii）家庭成员名单，（iii）住房条件和耐用资产，（iv）目前在国外的家庭成员移民，（v）汇款，（vi）其他收入和转移，（vii）冲击和应对机制，（viii）非农业企业，包括家庭成员和其他人的特征、就业、资产、支出和收入信息，（ix）农业资产、土地和地块、资本设备、牲畜、农作物和其他农业收入。个人问卷收集5岁及以上的所有个人的数据（5岁以下儿童在家庭名单中捕获）。个人问卷收集有关以下方面的信息：（i）居住流动性，（ii）父亲、母亲和兄弟姐妹的特征（包括国外的兄弟姐妹），（iv）健康，（v）教育水平和详细的教育历史，（vi）培训经验，（vii）技能，（viii）当前就业和失业，（viii）主要和次要工作的工作特征，（ix）劳动力市场历史，（x）婚姻的成本和特征，（xi）生育，（xii）女性就业，（xiii）主要和任何次要工作的工资，（xiv）苏丹受访者的回流移民、难民和流离失所者经历，（xv）非苏丹受访者的移民和难民模块，（xvi）信息技术，（xvi）储蓄和借款，（xvii）态度，（xviii）时间使用（成年人的完整24小时日记和儿童的简短模块）和（xix）一系列关于地块、牲畜和耐用品权利的问题。
有关更多详细信息，请参阅文档中的问卷。

响应率
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访问了5岁及以上的家庭和家庭成员，最多三次。只有在个人在三次访问中均不可用时，才能采取代理受访者。最终，个人可能会出现非响应，如果他们拒绝回答，或者在第三次访问时，个人不可用且没有代理可供回应。在家庭名单数据中，21,057名5岁及以上的个体中，20,086人（95%）同意并完成了个人问卷。在971名未完成个人问卷的个体中，74人在第三次访问时不可用且没有代理可用。剩余的897人拒绝回答，或者如果不满18岁，他们可能自己拒绝或父母拒绝同意他们接受访谈。未响应的个人仍然会在家庭名单中列出，因此我们拥有他们的基本人口统计特征，但没有详细的个人访谈数据。