DataSheet2_Treatment of ADHD: Drugs, psychological therapies, devices, complementary and alternative methods as well as the trends in clinical trials.xlsx

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders having a high influence on social interactions. The number of approved treatments and clinical trials for ADHD have increased markedly during the recent decade. This analytical review provides a quantitative overview of the existing pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods of ADHD treatments investigated in clinical trials during 1999–2021. A total of 695 interventional trials were manually assessed from clinicaltrial.gov with the search term « ADHD», and trial data has been used for analysis. A clear majority of the studies investigated non-pharmacological therapies (∼80%), including many behavioral options, such as social skills training, sleep and physical activity interventions, meditation and hypnotherapy. Devices, complementary and other alternative methods of ADHD treatment are also gaining attention. The pharmacological group accounts for ∼20% of all the studies. The most common drug classes include central nervous system stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate hydrochloride, lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, amphetamine sulfate, mixed amphetamine salts, a combination of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride and serdexmethylphenidate chloride), selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (atomoxetine, viloxazine), and alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonists (guanfacine hydrochloride, clonidine hydrochloride). Several studies investigated antidepressants (e.g., bupropion hydrochloride, vortioxetine), and atypical antipsychotics (e.g., quetiapine, aripiprazole) but these are yet not approved by the FDA for ADHD treatment. We discuss the quantitative trends in clinical trials and provide an overview of the new drug agents and non-pharmacological therapies, drug targets, and novel treatment options.

注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）是一种影响社会互动的常见神经发育障碍。在过去十年中，针对ADHD的批准治疗方法和临床试验数量显著增加。本分析综述对1999年至2021年间在临床试验中调查的ADHD现有药物治疗和非药物治疗方法进行了定量概述。从clinicaltrial.gov手动评估了695项干预性试验，并使用试验数据进行分析。绝大多数研究（约80%）调查了非药物治疗，包括众多行为选择，如社交技能训练、睡眠和身体活动干预、冥想和催眠疗法。ADHD的治疗方法还包括装置、补充疗法和其他替代方法，这些方法也引起了人们的关注。在所有研究中，药物组约占20%。最常见的药物类别包括中枢神经系统兴奋剂（例如，盐酸哌甲酯、盐酸哌甲酯二甲磺酸酯、硫酸胺、混合硫酸胺、盐酸右旋哌甲酯和盐酸塞德哌甲酯的联合制剂）、选择性去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂（如阿托西汀、维洛沙秦）和α2肾上腺素能受体激动剂（如盐酸胍法辛、盐酸可乐定）。一些研究调查了抗抑郁药（例如，盐酸安非他酮、沃托昔汀）和非典型抗精神病药（例如，喹硫平、阿立哌唑），但这些药物尚未获得FDA的ADHD治疗批准。本文讨论了临床试验中的定量趋势，并概述了新药剂、非药物治疗、药物靶点和新型治疗选择。