Network hyperparameters.

As object detection models grow in complexity, balancing computational efficiency and feature expressiveness becomes a critical challenge. To address this, we propose SAMF-YOLO, a novel model integrating three key components: SONet, BFAM, and FASFF-Head. The UniRepLKNet backbone, enhanced by the Star Operation, expands the feature space with high efficiency. FASFF-Head performs adaptive multi-scale feature fusion with minimal overhead, and the Bi-temporal Feature Aggregation Module (BFAM) strengthens the detection of small defects. Additionally, the Focaler-IoU loss improves bounding box regression for challenging object scales, and a self-supervised contrastive learning strategy enhances feature representation and model robustness without relying on labeled data. Experimental results demonstrate that SAMF-YOLO surpasses YOLOv11s with a 6.38% improvement in mAP@0.5 and a notable reduction in computational cost, confirming its superiority in accuracy, efficiency, and robustness. The code is released at https://github.com/Missing24ff/SAMF-YOLO.git.