电化学免疫传感器在肿瘤早诊中的研究进展

Early diagnosis of tumors is crucial for improving patient survival rates and prognosis, but traditional methods suffer from limitations such as delayed detection and complex procedures.Electrochemical immunosensors, which integrate the specificity of immune reactions with the high sensitivity of electrochemical detection, provide a promising strategy for trace detection of tumor markers(often as low as picomolar to femtomolar levels).This review systematically summarized the underlying principles, signal amplification strategies, and clinical applications of electrochemical immunosensors in early tumor diagnosis, aiming to promote clinical translation.In this review, biorecognition elements(e.g.,antibodies and aptamers) and signal transduction mechanisms(label-free methods such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and labeled methods such as enzyme or nanomaterial labeling) were discussed in detail.Signal amplification strategies(e.g.,enzymatic catalytic cascades, nanomaterial-mediated methods, magnetic bead enrichment) were reviewed alongside innovative applications of nanomaterials, including carbon-based materials(e.g.,graphene, carbon nanotubes),metal-based materials(e.g.,palladium nanoparticles, iron oxides),and two-dimensional materials(e.g.,MXene/molybdenum disulfide).Results showed that such sensors have advantages including rapid response, low cost, and easy miniaturization, and have made significant progress in the diagnosis of multiple cancer types.For example, detection limits for biomarkers of liver, breast, and colorectal cancer have reached the femtomolar level, significantly improving the sensitivity and specificity of early diagnosis.However, challenges such as biofouling, limited stability, and insufficient clinical validation remain.Continued research is required to enhance their robustness and accelerate clinical implementation.