Study characteristics (left columns) and individual studies’ results (right columns).

For each of the studies included, methodological aspects, participants’ characteristics, and key results are displayed. RCT, randomized controlled trial, CT, controlled trial; MCE, motor control stabilisation exercise, Ctrl, control or comparison group; CLBP, chronic low back pain; N, number; f, female; m, male; SD, standard deviation; Mx, measurement visit number, VAS, visual analogue scale; NRS, numeric rating scale; ODI, Owestry disability index, RMDQ, Roland Morris disability questionnaire.