Social disadvantage accelerates the ageing process

Statistical code

Table S1. Characteristics of participants by cohort

Table S2. List of hallmark-related diseases

Table S3. Associations between indicators of social disadvantage and specific ARDs in UK Biobank and FPS

Table S4. Associations of indicators of social disadvantage with hallmark-specific ARDs at follow-up in participants without hallmark-related diseases at baseline in UK Biobank and FPS

Table S5. Associations of indicators of social disadvantage with hallmark-specific ARDs at follow-up in participants without hallmark-related diseases at baseline in UK Biobank and FPS by sex

Table S6. Associations of indicators of social disadvantage with hallmark-specific ARDs at follow-up in participants without hallmark-related diseases at baseline in UK Biobank and FPS – A Fine & Gray analysis corrected for competing risk of death

Table S7. Number of hallmark-specific ARDs per 100 by ages 55 and 70 by level of social disadvantage (absolute risk) in UK Biobank and FPS

Table S8. Rate of hallmark-related diseases by ages 55 and 70 by level of social disadvantage (relative risk) in UK Biobank and FPS

Table S9. The rate per 100 per 10 years for health transitions in hallmark-specific ARDs by level of social disadvantage in UK Biobank

Table S10. The rate per 100 per 10 years for health transitions in hallmark-specific ARDs by level of social disadvantage in FPS

Table S11. A multivariate model for the independent associations of education and adult SES with hallmark-specific ARDs in UK Biobank

Table S12. Test of health-related selection (reverse causality) hypothesis in FPS

Table S13. Associations of social disadvantage with hallmark-specific ARDs at follow-up in participants without hallmark-specific ARDs at baseline in the Whitehall study

Table S14. List of proteins included signatures of organ-specific and non-organ-specific (organismal) ageing (Source: Oh, H. et al Nat 2023;624:164-172)

Table S15. Associations of social disadvantage with proteomic signatures of organ-specific and organismal ageing in the Whitehall study

Table S16. Proteomic organ-specific age gaps as mediators for social disadvantage-hallmark-specific ARD associations in the Whitehall study

Table S17. Search terms for proteins related to hallmarks of ageing in SomaScan assay (Human Protein Atlas)

Table S18. List of single age-related proteins in the Whitehall study

Table S19. Associations of social disadvantage with 14 proteins (A) and hallmark-specific ARDs (B) in the Whitehall study

Table S20. Associations of social disadvantage with all-cause mortality in the Whitehall study

Table S21. Association of 14 plasma proteins with hallmark-specific ARDs in the Whitehall study

Table S22. Association of 14 plasma proteins with hallmark-specific ARDs by sex in the Whitehall study

Table S23. 14 socially-patterned proteins as mediators for the education-hallmark-specific ARD associations in the Whitehall study

Table S24. 14 socially-patterned proteins as mediators for the adult SES-hallmark-specific ARD associations in the Whitehall study

Table S25. Levels of proteins by change in social disadvantage between early to later life in the Whitehall study

Table S26. Levels of proteins by life course social standing score in the Whitehall study

Table S27: Characteristics of ARIC participants at visit 2 (1990-1992)

Table S28: Characteristics of ARIC participants at visit 5 (2011-2013)

Table S29. Associations of social disadvantage with age-related proteins and mortality in middle-aged ARIC participants

Table S30. Associations of social disadvantage with age-related proteins and mortality in older ARIC participants

Table S31. Age-, sex-, ethnicity and genetic score-adjusted associations of social disadvantage with hallmark-specific ARDs at follow-up in participants without hallmark-specific ARD at baseline in UK Biobank

Table S32. Age-, sex-, ethnicity and genetic score-adjusted associations of social disadvantage with hallmark-specific ARDs at follow-up in participants without hallmark-specific ARD at baseline in the Whitehall study

Table S33. Age-, sex-, ethnicity and genetic score-adjusted associations between social disadvantage and 14 proteins in the Whitehall study

Table S34. Age-, sex-, ethnicity and genetic score-adjusted association between 14 plasma proteins and hallmark-specific ARDs in the Whitehall study