Images of adherent monocytes (a, b), and those of macrophages (c, d), and dendritic cells (e, f) on fibrinogen coating in the microfluidic channel of the flow chamber.

Arrows indicate the direction of flow (b, d, f). Flow could easily remove monocytes. Macrophages (d) and dendritic cells (f) remained on the surface but became elongated at high shear stress. When the flow rate was further increased most cells detached from the surface. To give an insight into the morphology change of cells, figure shows images captured at the following shear stress values: 0 Pa (a, c, e); 21.3 Pa (b); 128.1 Pa (d), and 181.4 Pa (f). In the experiments we used the same sequence of shear stress values for all three cell types. Scale bar: 100 µm.