Differential Evolution algorithm used for maximization of energy conversion of size and length of laser-irradiated gold nanorods optimization

The Differential Evolution algorithm was used to solve a model that describes electromagnetic energy conversion, here: into heat. Results reveal the optimized size and length that should be used for maximization of energy conversion. The selected wavelengths for optimization were 465 nm, 532 nm, 640 nm, 808 nm, and 980 nm.
As a base for the model's validity, 15-55-nm citrate-stabilized gold nanorods, modeled as a thin film with a thickness of 22.8 nm, were deposited on the chamber’s bottom. The chamber consists of a thin fluidity chamber with a thickness of 10 um, constructed by attaching a borosilicate glass plate (thickness of 1 mm) isolated by a PolyDiMethylSiloxane (PDMS) plate (thickness of 1 cm), and was subjected to an 808-nm 0.8-W gaussian laser beam with a size of 1 mm [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-92007-7].