Cardiovascular hemodynamics at rest and exercise.

IntroductionPressure-volume (PV) loops can be used to assess both load-dependent and load-independent measures of cardiac hemodynamics. However, analysis of PV loops during exercise is challenging as it requires invasive measures. Using a novel method, it has been shown that left ventricular (LV) PV loops at rest can be obtained non-invasively from cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) and brachial pressures. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess if LV PV loops can be obtained non-invasively from CMR during exercise to assess cardiac hemodynamics.MethodsThirteen endurance trained (ET; median 48 years [IQR 34–60]) and ten age and sex matched sedentary controls (SC; 43 years [27–57]) were included. CMR images were acquired at rest and during moderate intensity supine exercise defined as 60% of expected maximal heart rate. Brachial pressures were obtained in conjunction with image acquisition.ResultsContractility measured as maximal ventricular elastance (Emax) increased in both groups during exercise (ET: 1.0 mmHg/ml [0.9–1.1] to 1.1 mmHg/ml [0.9–1.2], pA) decreased in both groups (ET: 0.8 mmHg/ml [0.7–0.9] to 0.7 mmHg/ml [0.7–0.9], pA/Emax) also decreased in both groups (ET: 0.9 [0.8–1.0] to 0.7 [0.6–0.8], pConclusionsThis study demonstrates for the first time that LV PV loops can be generated non-invasively during exercise using CMR. ET and SC increase ventricular efficiency and contractility and decrease afterload and ventricular-arterial coupling during moderate supine exercise. These results confirm known physiology. Therefore, this novel method is applicable to be used during exercise in different cardiac disease states, which has not been possible non-invasively before.