CRITICAL PERIODS OF HUMAN EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE EFFECTS OF TERATOGENIC FACTORS

Human embryonic development is a highly complex and precisely regulated process that involves the formation, differentiation, and maturation of tissues and organs. During embryogenesis, there are specific critical periods when the developing embryo is particularly vulnerable to external and internal influences. Exposure to teratogenic factors during these sensitive stages may lead to structural, functional, or behavioral abnormalities that can affect fetal growth and postnatal health. Teratogens include physical, chemical, biological, and environmental agents capable of disrupting normal embryonic development. Understanding the relationship between critical developmental periods and teratogenic exposure is essential for preventing congenital anomalies and improving maternal-fetal health outcomes. This study aims to analyze the critical stages of human embryonic development and evaluate the effects of major teratogenic factors on embryogenesis.