Agriculture

The analysis is based on a balanced panel of 107 countries covering the period 2008–2022. Agricultural environmental performance is measured using the EPI agriculture sub-index, while digitalisation is proxied by telecommunications infrastructure indicators from the QoG database. Agricultural input intensity is captured by fertiliser use per hectare from FAOSTAT. Additional socio-economic and climatic controls are included. Biennial data series are converted to annual frequency using linear interpolation to enable dynamic panel estimation.