Differentially expressed genes during axolotl jaw regeneration identified by RNA-seq. Ambystoma mexicanum

Human diseases like oral cancer or injuries may cause irreversible substantial jaw defects. Axolotls are of special interest in regenerative maxillofacial research due to their unique ability to completely renew amputated jaws. Here we performed differential gene expression analyses based on RNA-seq for regenerating jaw tissue of the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) to identify key players in this regenerative process. Within differentially expressed genes (p<0.001) we use enrichment and network analyses to identify increased expression of structural components crucial for tissue repair (Thbs3, Thbs4 and Col3a1) as well as for extracellular matrix structure (further collagens and Matn4). Genes of enzymatic function (AldoA, AldoC, Eno1, Ckm and Ak6) as well as muscle components (Atp2A1, Pvalb, Tpm3) are down-regulated. This first RNA-seq study on axolotl jaw tissue can help to elucidate the general molecular mechanisms underlying mandible regeneration and offer a chance for new regenerative strategies focusing on morphologically and functionally adequate replacement of these complex tissues. Overall design: Examination of gene expression in four regenerated axolotl jaws compared to the pre-surgery jaw tissue