A comparison of biological effects between isocyanide 1 and butenolide.

aPredicted no effect concentration (PNEC) is calculated according to the guidelines for the testing of chemicals from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/6/14/2483645.pdf).bPredicted environmental concentration (PEC).cSpecies-selectivity ratio (based on acute toxicity test) = lowest L(E)C50 in non-target organisms/highest EC50 in target organisms determined preferably by settlement assay [13].dBased on phenotype matching in zebrafish Danio rerio.eBased on affinity pull down assay.fNA: data not available.gThe lowest observed effective concentration (LOEC) to induce attachment site change in Bugula neritina. It should be noted that although the isocyanide 1 did not effectively inhibit the fouling of Bugula neritina in laboratory, it changed the settling site of this organism (Figure 2) and also effectively inhibited biofouling of Bugula neritina in field tests [6].