CRCM5-CMIP6 : A dynamically-downscaled ensemble of CMIP6 simulations.
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CRCM-CMIP Please consider citing the Scientific Data article describing the dataset and/or the ESGF datasets from CEDA's citation service instead of this record. Data References The Scientific Data article describing the model and the ensemble : Paquin, D., C. McCray, C. B. Gauthier, M. Giguère, O. Asselin, P .Bourgault, M.-P. Labonté and D. Matte. The Ouranos CRCM5-CMIP6 ensemble: A dynamically downscaled ensemble of CMIP6 simulations over North America. Sci Data 12, 1984 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-06289-7 The ESFG Datasets, one for each driving experiment: Paquin, D. (2026a). CORDEX-CMIP6.DD.NAM-12.OURANOS.evaluation.CRCM5-SN. Science and Technology Facilities Council. https://doi.org/10.82965/baj8-9930 Paquin, D. (2026b). CORDEX-CMIP6.DD.NAM-12.OURANOS.historical.CRCM5-SN. Science and Technology Facilities Council. https://doi.org/10.82965/12gt-qv57 Paquin, D. (2026c). CORDEX-CMIP6.DD.NAM-12.OURANOS.ssp126.CRCM5-SN. Science and Technology Facilities Council. https://doi.org/10.82965/rksp-xc07 Paquin, D. (2026d). CORDEX-CMIP6.DD.NAM-12.OURANOS.ssp245.CRCM5-SN. Science and Technology Facilities Council. https://doi.org/10.82965/5csc-p892 Paquin, D. (2026e). CORDEX-CMIP6.DD.NAM-12.OURANOS.ssp370.CRCM5-SN. Science and Technology Facilities Council. https://doi.org/10.82965/wtvp-9417 Paquin, D. (2026f). CORDEX-CMIP6.DD.NAM-12.OURANOS.ssp585.CRCM5-SN. Science and Technology Facilities Council. https://doi.org/10.82965/yygy-9989 Model Documentation Ouranos : Canadian Regional Climate Model – version 5 Principal model references : Martynov et al. 2013, Separovic et al. 2013 The CRCM5-SN is developed by the ESCER Centre at UQAM (Université du Québec à Montréal) with the collaboration of Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC), based on GEM 3.3.3.1 from ECCC. Grid Configuration NAM-12 CORDEX North American domain at 0.11°, 695x668 grid points including a 20-point sponge (and halo) zone surrounding the domain, 5-minute time steps, 56 vertical levels and a top at 10 hPa. 17 soil levels and a bottom at 15 m. Spectral Nudging A spectral nudging is applied to the horizontal wind component with a half-response wavelength of 1177km and a relaxation time of 13.34 h. The nudging strength is set to zero from the surface to a height of 500 hPa and increases linearly onward to the top of the model’s simulated atmosphere. Parameterization Atmosphere Precipitation: large-scale condensation scheme (Sundqvist, 1989); precipitation partition diagnostic method (Bourgouin, 2000) Shallow convection: based on transient version of Kuo (1965) scheme (Bélair et al. 2005) Deep convection: Kain-Fritsch (1990) Radiation: Li & Barker (2005) Surface CLASS3.5c (Verseghy, 1993) Lake model: FLake (Martinov et al. 2012) Ocean Prescribed SST & sea ice fraction Aerosols Fized Data Access ESGF: Most variables are published through the ESGF. Look for institution='OURANOS' in project "CORDEX-CMIP6" on any official MetaGrid interface or STAC catalog of the ESGF. THREDDS The data is browsable on Ouranos' ESGF data node as a THREDDS server at https://esgf.ouranos.ca/thredds/catalog/mrcc5-cmip6/catalog.html NcML Aggregations are also made available at https://esgf.ouranos.ca/thredds/catalog/aggregations/catalog.html This THREDDS server exposes some variables that are not available through the ESGF as they are not compliant with CORDEX's data request : prfr : Freezing rain flux prra : Rainfall flux hursmin : Daily minimum of relative humidity Many fx fields describing the geophysical invariants Other : Other variables and frequencies can be provided upon request by writing to simulations_ouranos@ouranos.ca. Some variables published on the data node are at a coarser frequency than initially simulated. All data are available through a CC-BY 4.0 license, see references above. Acknowledgment Developed by the ESCER Centre at UQAM (Université du Québec à Montréal) with the collaboration of Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). CRCM5; Martynov et al. 2013, Separovic et al. 2013 The CRCM5 data has been generated and supplied by Ouranos. CRCM5 computations were made on the supercomputers beluga and narval managed by Calcul Québec and the Digital Research Alliance of Canada. The operation of this supercomputer received financial support from Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada and the Ministère de l’Économie et de l’Innovation du Québec. Some References for CRCM5 Asselin, M. Leduc, D. Paquin, K. Winger, A. Di Luca, M. Bukovsky, B. Music, and M. Giguère (2022). On the Intercontinental Transferability of Regional Climate Model Response to Severe Forestation. MDPI's Climate https://doi.org/10.3390/cli10100138 Bresson, E., R. Laprise, D. Paquin, J. M. Thériault, R. de Elia, 2017: Evaluating CRCM5 ability to simulate mixed precipitation. Atmosphere-Ocean. 55(2); 79-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2017.1310084 Leduc, M., A. Mailhot, A. Frigon, J.-L. Martel, R. Ludwig, G.B. Brietzke, M. Giguère, F. Brissette, R. Turcotte, M. Braun, (2019) ClimEx project: a 50-member ensemble of climate change projections at 12-km resolution over Europe and northeastern North America with the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM5). Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. doi: 10.1175/JAMC-D-18-0021.1 Martynov A, R Laprise, L Sushama, K Winger, L Separovic, B Dugas. 2013. Reanalysis-driven climate simulation over CORDEX North America domain using the Canadian Regional Climate Model, version 5: model performance evaluation. Clim Dyn 41:2973-3005. DOI 10.1007/s00382-013-1778-9 Martynov A, L Sushama, R Laprise, K Winger, B Dugas. 2012. Interactive lakes in the Canadian regional climate model version 5: the role of lakes in the regional climate of North America. Tellus A 64, 016226. DOI: 10.3402/tellusa.v64i0.16226. Martynov A, L Sushama, R Laprise. 2010. Simulation of temperate freezing lakes by one-dimensional lake models: performance assessment for interactive coupling with regional climate models. Boreal Env Res 15:143-164. Matte, D., Thériault, J. M., & Laprise, R. (2019). Mixed precipitation occurrences over southern Québec, Canada, under warmer climate conditions using a regional climate model. Climate Dynamics, 53(1), 1125–1141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4231-2 McCray, C. D., D. Paquin, J. M. Thériault, É. Bresson (2022). A multi-algorithm analysis of projected changes to freezing rain over North America in an ensemble of regional climate model simulations. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2022JD036935 McCray, D. C., J. M. Thériault, D. Paquin, É. Bresson, 2022. Quantifying the impact of precipitation-type algorithm selection on the representation of freezing rain in an ensemble of regional climate model simulations. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/apme/aop/JAMC-D-21-0202.1/JAMC-D-21-0202.1.xml McCray, C.D., G. Schmidt, D. Paquin, M. Leduc, Z. Bi, M. Radiyat, C. Silverman, M. Spitz, B. Brettschneider (2023). Changing Nature of High-Impact Snowfall Events in Eastern North America. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD038804 Mironov D, E Heise, E Kourzeneva, B Ritter, N Schneider, A Terzhevik. 2010. Implementation of the lake parameterisation scheme FLake into the numerical weather prediction model COSMO. Boreal Env Res 15:218-230. Mittermeier, M., E. Bresson, D. Paquin, R. Ludwig, 2021 A deep learning approach for the identification of long-duration mixed precipitation in Montréal (Canada). Atmosphere-Ocean. https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2021.1992341 Riette S, D Caya. 2002. Sensitivity of short simulations to the various parameters in the new CRCM spectral nudging. – In: RITCHIE, H. (Ed.): Research activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modeling, WMO/TD No. 1105, Report No. 32: 7.39–7.40. Pérez Bello, A., A. Mailhot and D. Paquin, 2021 The response of daily and sub-daily extreme precipitations to changes in surface and dew point temperatures. Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2021JD034972 Pérez Bello, A., A. Mailhot, D. Paquin and D. Paquin-Ricard (2022). Temperature-precipitation scaling rates: a rainfall event-based perspective. Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2022JD037873 Separovic L, A Alexandru, R Laprise, A Martynov, L Sushama, K Winger, K Tete, M Valin. 2013. Present climate and climate change over North America as simulated by the fifth-generation Canadian regional climate model. Clim Dyn 41:3167-3201. DOI 10.1007/s00382-013-1737-5. St-Pierre, M., J. Thériault and D. Paquin, 2019. Influence of the model spatial resolution on atmospheric conditions leading to freezing rain in regional climate simulations. Atmosphere-Ocean, https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2019.1583088.
