Table_6_Integrated physiological, metabolomic, and proteome analysis of Alpinia officinarum Hance essential oil inhibits the growth of Fusarium oxysporum of Panax notoginseng.XLSX

Fusarium oxysporum is the main pathogen of Panax notoginseng root rot, and chemical fungicides remain the primary measures to control the disease. Plant essential oil (EO) is a volatile plant secondary metabolic product that does not produce any residue to replace chemical pesticide. To comprehensively understand the antifungal mechanism of Alpinia officinarum Hance EO, the physiological indicators, proteome and metabolome were analyzed using F. oxysporum spores and hyphae treated with different EO concentrations. The cell membrane was damaged after both low and high concentrations of EO treatment, along with leakage of the cell contents. To resist the destruction of membrane structure, fungi can increase the function of steroid biosynthesis and expression of these catalytic enzymes, including squalene monooxygenase (SQLE), sterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51, CYP61A), delta14-sterol reductase (TM7SF2, ERG4), methylsterol monooxygenase (MESO1), and sterol 24-C-methyltransferase (SMT1). Furthermore, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) was influenced by inhibiting the expression of glutamate synthase (GLT1), 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase (ABAT), and succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (gabD); increasing malate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA); and decreasing citrate content. The spore germination rate and mycelia growth were decreased because the expression of cohesin complex subunit SA-1/2 (IRR1) and cohesion complex subunit (YCS4, BRN1, YCG1) were inhibited. Particularly, under high EO concentrations, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDC28) and DNA replication licensing factor (MCM) were further inhibited to disrupt the cell cycle and meiosis, thus affecting cell division. The results of this study will enrich the understanding of the antifungal mechanism of EOs and provide an important basis to develop new plant-derived fungicides.

Fusarium oxysporum 被视为三七根腐病的主要病原菌，而化学杀菌剂依然是控制此病害的主要手段。植物精油（EO）作为一种挥发性次生代谢产物，其不产生任何残留，可替代化学农药。为全面理解高良姜精油（Alpinia officinarum Hance EO）的抗菌机制，本研究采用不同浓度的EO处理Fusarium oxysporum 孢子和菌丝，并对其生理指标、蛋白质组学和代谢组学进行分析。结果显示，无论是低浓度还是高浓度的EO处理，均导致细胞膜损伤及细胞内容物泄漏。为抵御细胞结构的破坏，真菌可通过增加甾体生物合成功能以及以下催化酶的表达来维持膜结构的完整性：角鲨烯单加氧酶（SQLE）、甾醇14α-去甲基酶（CYP51、CYP61A）、delta14-甾醇还原酶（TM7SF2、ERG4）、甲基甾醇单加氧酶（MESO1）和甾醇24-C-甲基转移酶（SMT1）。此外，通过抑制谷氨酸合成酶（GLT1）、4-氨基丁酸转氨酶（ABAT）和琥珀酸半醛脱氢酶（gabD）的表达，增加苹果酸和γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）的生成，以及降低柠檬酸含量，影响三羧酸循环（TCA）。孢子发芽率和菌丝生长受到抑制，这是由于粘合蛋白复合体亚基SA-1/2（IRR1）和粘合蛋白复合体亚基（YCS4、BRN1、YCG1）的表达受到抑制所致。尤其是在高浓度的EO处理下，细胞周期和减数分裂进一步受到抑制，这是由于细胞周期依赖性激酶（CDC28）和DNA复制许可因子（MCM）的表达受到抑制。本研究结果将丰富对EO抗菌机制的理解，并为开发新型植物源杀菌剂提供重要的理论基础。