Rattus norvegicus breed:Harlan Sprague-Dawley Raw sequence reads. Rattus norvegicus breed:Harlan Sprague-Dawley

Every living cell releases extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are critical for cellular signaling and a wide range of biological functions. The potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications of EVs are well recognized, and rapidly expanding. Here we demonstrate a novel method for programmable control of EVs release and their cargo using external electric fields. As a proof of principle, we use primary cultured rat astrocytes to demonstrate how the frequency of external electrical stimulation (ES) selectively modulates EVs release, surface proteins, and microRNA profiles. This method could have a broad impact in biological science and medical applications.