Phenotypes in offspring homozygous for Pappa2 disruption (−/−), heterozygous (+/−), or homozygous for wild-type Pappa2 (+/+), from crosses between mice heterozygous for the Pappa2 disruption.

Values are least squares means ± standard error.aP-values are provided for the test of whether there is significant variation among the three genotypes.bSample sizes are as in Table 3. Placentae and embryos were collected from two pregnant females. Genotype and female were included as terms in the model.cSample sizes are as in Table 3. Pups from 7 litters were measured. Genotype and litter were included as terms in the model.dSample sizes for body mass are approximately as in Table 3, although are lower in some cases because of missed measurements. Sample sizes for bone measurements are smaller (total N = 73) because some mice were used for further breeding and so were not sacrificed at 10 weeks of age. Offspring from 11 litters were measured. Sample sizes for tail length are substantially smaller (total N = 27–30) because this trait could not be measured in individuals for which birth mass was obtained since the tip of the tail was collected for genotyping. Genotype, litter and sex were included as terms in the model.