Agricultural Census, 2006 - Brazil

Abstract
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The Census of Agriculture investigates information on agricultural establishments and agricultural activities developed inside them, including characteristics of the producers and establishments, economy and employment in the rural area, livestock, cropping and agribusiness. Its data collection unit is every production unit dedicated, either entirely or partially, to agricultural, forest or aquaculture activities, subordinated to a single administration – producer or administrator –, regardless of its size, legal nature or location, aiming at producing either for living or sales.

The first Census of Agriculture dates back to 1920, and it was conducted as part of the General Census. It did not take place in the 1930s due to reasons of political and institutional nature. From 1940 onward, the survey was decennial up to 1970 and quinquennial later on, taking place in the beginning of the years ending in 1 and 6 and relating to the years ending in 0 and 5. In the 1995-1996 Census of Agriculture, the information was related to the crop year (August 1995 to July 1996). In the 2006 Census of Agriculture, the reference for the data returned to be the calendar year. The 2006 edition was characterized both by the technological innovation introduced in the field operation, in which the paper questionnaire was replaced by the electronic questionnaire developed in Personal Digital Assistants - PDAs and by the methodological refinement, particularly concerning the redesign of its contents and incorporation of new concepts. That edition also implemented the National Address List for Statistical Purposes - Cnefe, which gathers the detailed description of the addresses of housing units and agricultural establishments, geographic coordinates of every housing unit and establishment (agricultural, religious, education, health and other) in the rural area, bringing subsidies for the planning of future IBGE surveys. The 2017 Census of Agriculture returned to reference the crop year – October 2016 to September 2017 –, though in a different period than that adopted in the 1995-1996 Census of Agriculture. New technologies were introduced in the 2017 survey to control the data collection, like: previous address list, use of satellite images in the PDAs to better locate the enumerator in relation to the terrain, and use of coordinates of the address and location where the questionnaire is open, which allowed a better coverage and assessment of the work.

The survey provides information on the total agricultural establishments; total area of those establishments; characteristics of the producers; characteristics of the establishments (use of electricity, agricultural practices, use of fertilization, use of agrotoxins, use of organic farming, land use, existence of water resources, existence of warehouses and silos, existence of tractors, machinery and agricultural implements, and vehicles, among other aspects); employed personnel; financial transactions; livestock (inventories and animal production); aquaculture and forestry (silviculture, forestry, floriculture, horticulture, permanent crops, temporary crops and rural agribusiness).

The periodicity of the survey is quinquennial, though the surveys in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005, 2010 and 2015 were not carried out due to budget restrictions from the government; the 1990 Census of Agriculture did not take place; the 1995 survey was carried out in 1996 together with the Population Counting; the 2000 survey did not take place; that of 2005 was carried out in 2007, together with the Population Counting once again; that of 2010 did not take place and that of 2015 was carried out in 2017. Its geographic coverage is national, with results disclosed for Brazil, Major Regions, Federation Units, Mesoregions, Microregions and Municipalities. The results of the 2006 Census of Agriculture, which has the calendar year as the reference period, are not strictly comparable with those from the 1995-1996 Census of Agriculture and 2017 Census of Agriculture, whose reference period is the crop year in both cases.

Geographic coverage
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National coverage

Analysis unit
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Households

Universe
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The statistical unit was the agricultural holding, defined as any production unit dedicated wholly or partially to agricultural, forestry and aquaculture activities, subject to a single management, with the objective of producing for sale or subsistence, regardless of size, legal form (own, partnership, lease, etc.) or location (rural or urban). The agricultural holdings were classified according to the legal status of the producer as: individual holder, condominium, consortium or partnership; cooperative; incorporated or limited liability company; public utility institutions (church, NGO, hospital), or government.

Kind of data
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Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure
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(a) Frame
The 2000 Population and Housing Census and the cartographic documentation constituted the source of the AC 2006 frame. No list frames were available in digital media with georeferenced addresses of the holdings. Census coverage was ensured on the basis of the canvassing of the EAs by enumerators.

(b) Complete and/or sample enumeration methods
The AC 2006 was a complete enumeration operation of all agricultural holdings in the country.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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An electronic questionnaire was used for data collection on:

Total agricultural establishments
Total area of agricultural establishments
Total area of crops
Area of pastures
Area of woodlands
Total tractors
Implements
Machinery and vehicles
Characteristics of the establishment and of the producer
Total staff employed
Total cattle, buffallo, goats, Sheep, pigs, poultry (chickens, fowls, chickens and chicks)
Other birds (ducks, geese, teals, turkeys, quails, ostriches, partridges, pheasants and others)
Plant production

The AC 2006 covered all 16 items recommended by FAO under the WCA 2010.

Cleaning operations
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(a) DATA PROCESSING AND ARCHIVING
The entire data collection and supervision software was developed in house by IBGE, using the Visual Studio platform in the Microsoft Operations Manager 2005 environment and Microsoft SQL Server 2000, with the assistance of Microsoft Brazil consulting. In addition, the GEOPAD application was installed to view, navigate and view maps and use GPS guidance. Updated versions of the software were installed automatically as soon as census enumerators connected the PDAs to the central server to transmit the data collected. Once internally validated by the device, the data were immediately transmitted to the database at the IBGE state unit. The previous AC (1996) served as the basis for defining the parameter values for the electronic editing process.

(b) CENSUS DATA QUALITY
Automatic validation was incorporated into PDAs. Previously programmed skip patterns and real-time edits, performed during enumeration, ensured faster and more reliable interviews. In addition, the Bluetooth® technology incorporated into the PDAs allowed for direct data transmission to IBGE's central mainframe by each of enumerators on a weekly basis.

Data appraisal
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The preliminary census results were published in 2007. The final results were released in 2009 through a printed volume and CD-ROMs. The census results were disseminated at the national and subnational scope (country, state and municipality) and are available online at IBGE's website.

摘要
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农业普查旨在调查农业经营实体及其内部开展农业活动的相关信息，包括生产者及实体的特征、农村地区的经济与就业状况、牲畜、农作物和农业企业。其数据收集单元为任何完全或部分致力于农业、林业或水产养殖活动的生产单元，无论其规模、法律性质或地理位置，无论其目的是自给自足还是销售，均受单一管理——生产者或管理者——的管辖。

农业普查的首次实施始于1920年，作为综合普查的一部分。由于政治和制度原因，1930年代未进行普查。自1940年起，该调查每十年进行一次，至1970年改为五年一次，在以1和6结尾的年份年初进行，与以0和5结尾的年份相对应。在1995-1996年的农业普查中，信息与作物年度（1995年8月至1996年7月）相关。在2006年的农业普查中，数据的参考时间回归到日历年度。2006年版的特点在于现场操作中引入的技术创新，其中纸质问卷被个人数字助理（PDAs）开发的电子问卷所取代，以及在方法论上的完善，特别是内容的重新设计和新概念的结合。该版还实施了国家统计目的地址名单（Cnefe），汇集了住宅单元和农业实体的详细地址描述、每个住宅单元和实体的地理坐标（包括农业、宗教、教育、卫生和其他领域），为未来IBGE调查的规划提供补贴。2017年的农业普查再次以作物年度（2016年10月至2017年9月）为参考，尽管与1995-1996年农业普查采用的时期不同。在2017年的调查中引入了新技术以控制数据收集，如：以前的地址列表、在PDAs中使用卫星图像以更好地定位调查员与地形的关系、以及使用问卷开启地址和位置的坐标，这有助于更好地覆盖和评估工作。

该调查提供了关于总农业经营实体、这些实体的总面积、生产者的特征、实体的特征（包括电力使用、农业实践、施肥、农药使用、有机农业、土地利用、水资源存在、仓库和粮仓的存在、拖拉机、机械和农业工具、以及车辆的存在等方面）、雇员人数、财务交易、牲畜（存货和动物生产）、水产养殖和林业（林业、林业、花卉栽培、园艺、永久性作物、临时性作物和农村农业企业）的信息。

调查的周期为五年一次，尽管由于政府预算限制，1990年、1995年、2000年和2005年、2010年和2015年的调查未进行；1990年的农业普查未进行；1995年的调查于1996年与人口普查一起进行；2000年的调查未进行；2005年的调查于2007年进行，再次与人口普查一起；2010年的调查未进行，2015年的调查于2017年进行。其地理覆盖范围是全国性的，结果公布于巴西、主要地区、联邦单位、次区域、微区域和市政府。2006年农业普查的结果，其参考时间为日历年度，与1995-1996年农业普查和2017年农业普查的结果（两种情况下的参考时间均为作物年度）并不完全可比。

地理覆盖范围
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全国覆盖

分析单元
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家庭

总体
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统计单元是农业经营，定义为任何完全或部分致力于农业、林业和水产养殖活动，受单一管理，旨在销售或自给自足的生产单元，无论其规模、法律形式（自有、合伙、租赁等）或地理位置（农村或城市）。农业经营根据生产者的法律地位进行分类，作为：个体所有者、共有、合营或合伙；合作社；股份有限公司或有限责任公司；公共事业机构（教堂、非政府组织、医院）或政府。

数据类型
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普查/枚举数据 [cen]

抽样程序
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(a) 框架
2000年人口和住房普查及地图文献构成了2006年AC框架的来源。在数字媒体上没有可用的带地理坐标的持有地址的清单框架。普查覆盖范围通过普查员对选举区域的走访得到保障。

(b) 完全和/或样本枚举方法
2006年AC是对全国所有农业经营的全额统计操作。

数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]

研究工具
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用于数据收集的电子问卷包括：

- 总农业经营实体
- 农业经营实体总面积
- 作物总面积
- 草地面积
- 林地面积
- 总拖拉机数
- 工具
- 机械和车辆
- 实体和生产者特征
- 总雇员人数
- 总牛、水牛、山羊、绵羊、猪、家禽（鸡、禽类、鸡雏）
- 其他鸟类（鸭子、鹅、雁、火鸡、鹌鹑、鸵鸟、松鸡、野鸡和其他）
- 植物生产

AC 2006涵盖了FAO在WCA 2010下推荐的16项内容。

数据清理操作
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(a) 数据处理和归档
整个数据收集和监督软件由IBGE自行开发，在Microsoft Operations Manager 2005环境中使用Visual Studio平台和Microsoft SQL Server 2000，并得到巴西微软咨询公司的协助。此外，还安装了GEOPAD应用程序，用于查看、导航和查看地图以及使用GPS引导。一旦普查员将PDAs连接到中央服务器以传输收集到的数据，软件的更新版本就会自动安装。一旦设备内部验证，数据就会立即传输到IBGE省级单位的数据库。以前的AC（1996）作为定义电子编辑过程参数值的基础。

(b) 普查数据质量
PDAs中集成了自动验证。预先编程的跳过模式和实时编辑，在枚举过程中执行，确保了更快、更可靠的访谈。此外，PDAs中集成的蓝牙®技术允许调查员每周直接将数据传输到IBGE的中心主机。

数据评估
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初步普查结果于2007年发布。最终结果于2009年通过印刷卷和CD-ROM发布。普查结果在全国和次国家级别（国家、州和市）公布，并在IBGE网站上提供在线访问。