The antidiabetic effect of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles highlights the role of WNT/AMPK/mTOR/FOXO1/mitochondrial DNA in muscle and kidney - supplementary materials

Aim: To explore the antidiabetic effect of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs)-PEG-550

and its related metabolic pathways in muscles and kidney. Materials & methods: Diabetes was induced in

5-day neonatal rats; after confirming diabetes, treatment with SPIONs-PEG-550 started at different doses

for 4 weeks. Routine analysis of glucose, insulin, adipocytokines, urea and creatinine was performed. The

expression of several genes involved in metabolic pathways and the corresponding protein levels were

examined. Results & conclusion: SPIONs-PEG-550 normalized the disturbed glucose homeostasis, reversed

insulin resistance, adjusted the serum level of adipocytokines, and improved several disturbed downstream

effectors of the insulin signaling and WNT pathway in both tissues. Histological examination of the muscle

and pancreas has shown almost normal functional characteristics without remarkable adverse effects on

the kidney.