A review of the standardized measurement of the characteristics of graphene-based materials

Standardization is necessary for the early industrialization of the new materials and technology. It is achieved by having agreed practices for the measurement of properties and other characteristics. The promising use of graphene-based materials in fields like electronics, energy, and composites has resulted in standards for their nomenclature, the measurement of key characteristics, and their specification, etc. Among these, standards for measuring the key characteristics are crucial. The critical parameters are the number of layers, the type and concentration of defects and functional groups, elemental composition, sheet resistance, and carrier mobility. Standards for characterizing these have been analyzed by the International Organization for Standardization Technical Committee in ISO/TC229 and the International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Committee in IEC/TC113. These give details of applicable or preferred samples, the fundamental principles of the techniques, specific precautions, and points for attention in the relevant standards. The pivotal role of the ISO/TC229 and IEC/TC113 standards is considered and challenges and future trends are outlined.