Research progress of new bone metabolic markers

Bones possess metabolic activity, with their homeostasis maintained by bone resorption and bone formation mediated by osteoclasts and osteoblasts. By measuring bone metabolism markers, the overall state of bone metabolism and dynamic changes in systemic bone tissue can be reflected. Traditional bone turnover markers, including alkaline phosphatase, bonespecific alkaline phosphatase, procollagen type 1 N‑terminal propeptide, procollagen type 1 C‑terminal propeptide, osteocalcin, c‑terminal telopeptides of type 1 collagen(CTX) and its subtype β‑CTX, n‑terminal telopeptides of type 1 collagen, have been widely used in clinical practice but still have limitations in terms of stability, diagnostic reliability, and specific reflection of bone sites. Recently, novel bone turnover markers like microRNA, C‑X‑C chemokine ligand 12, Gelsolin, Annexin A2, sclerostin, Dickkopf‑related protein 1, and citrate have garnered significant attention. This article endeavors to conduct a review of the production, mechanism of action, detection methods, diagnostic value, and application prospects of new bone turnover markers in osteoporosis, thereby offering novel ideas for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of osteoporosis.