Patient characteristics.

Background
Heart failure (HF) mortality is rising despite robust evidence-based guidelines. Hospitalization presents an opportune time to optimize care. Inpatient care pathways (CP) embedded in the electronic health record (EHR) can enhance adherence to guidelines by providing real-time decision support.
Objective
To measure the impact of the heart failure reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) CP on early diuretic use, goal-directed medical therapy (GDMT), and referral to comprehensive HF management (CHFM) on discharge.
Methods
A HFrEF CP embedded into the EHR was built by multidisciplinary providers across a large academic medical center. Providers could place orders and document notes directly from the pathway. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all the HF hospitalizations two years after pathway implementation and further limited the cohort to those with ejection fraction (EF) ≤ 40%. We compared rates of early diuretic use, GDMT, and referral to CHFM between cohorts defined by pathway use.
Results
1,639 patients contributed 2,062 hospitalizations. The pathway was opened in 362 (17.6%) hospitalizations. There were no significant clinical or sociodemographic differences between groups. Bivariate analyses revealed more GDMT (χ2 (1) = 3.651, p = 0.056); while multivariable analysis showed more early diuretics (OR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.19, 2.09, p = 0.002) and referrals to CHFM (OR = 3.24, 95% CI 2.54, 4.12, p < 0.001) in the pathway group.
Conclusion
Despite low utilization, pathway use was associated with more early diuretics and referrals to CHFM with a trend toward more GDMT on discharge. CPs are a feasible strategy to optimize care for hospitalized HF patients.