Drones and Global Navigation Satellite Systems – current evidence from polar scientists
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Aerial unmanned vehicles, so-called drones, present a paradigm shift away from the long term use by scientists of manned airplanes and helicopters. This is evident from the number of research articles that focus on data obtained with drones. This article examines the use of aerial drones for scientific research in cryospheric regions, especially Antarctica and the Arctic. Specifically it aims to provide insights into the choices and performance of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) use for drones, including augmentation systems. Data on drone GNSS navigation and positioning in the context of scientific polar research has been scarce. Drone survey data obtained from polar scientists in April 2019 is the first representative sample from this close-knit global community across the specialisms of climatology, ecology, geology, geomorphology, geophysics and oceanography. The survey results derived from 16 countries revealed that 14.71% of scientists used GALILEO, 27.94% used GLONASS and 45.59% used GPS. Many used a combination of two or more GNSS. Multiple regression analysis showed that there is no strong relationship between a specific pattern of GNSS augmentation and greater positioning accuracy. Further polar drone studies should assess the effects of phase scintillation on all GNSS, therefore BEIDOU, GALILEO, GLONASS and GPS.
航空无人驾驶飞行器（即无人机）实现了科研领域从长期使用载人飞机与直升机的范式转变。这一点从以无人机获取数据为主题的研究论文数量中便可得到佐证。本文针对航空无人机在冰冻圈区域（尤其是南极与北极）的科研应用展开研究，具体而言，旨在深入剖析无人机搭载的全球导航卫星系统（Global Navigation Satellite Systems, GNSS）及其增强系统的选型与性能表现。当前针对极地科研场景下无人机GNSS导航与定位的相关数据仍较为匮乏。2019年4月从极地科研人员处收集的无人机调研数据，是来自该紧密协作的全球跨专业科研共同体的首份代表性样本，覆盖气候学、生态学、地质学、地貌学、地球物理学与海洋学等多个学科领域。此项覆盖16个国家的调研结果显示，14.71%的科研人员使用伽利略（GALILEO）系统，27.94%使用格洛纳斯（GLONASS）系统，45.59%使用全球定位系统（GPS），且有不少科研人员同时使用两套或多套GNSS。多元回归分析表明，GNSS增强的特定模式与更高的定位精度之间并无显著关联。后续极地无人机研究应评估相位闪烁对所有GNSS系统（包括北斗（BEIDOU）、伽利略、格洛纳斯与GPS）的影响。
