Supplemental data

This study aimed to improve the prediction of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) in dairy cattle based on total tract digestibility of nutrients. It was found that the use of the combination of digestible nutrients such as protein, fat, fiber, and starch resulted in more precise ME estimates compared to the use of the single variable digestible organic matter. The study also accounted for differences in location and feeding levels, which significantly influenced energy predictions. The findings provide valuable insights for nutritionists and dairy producers, helping to refine feed formulations that optimize energy use and milk production efficiency.