Metabolomics of Four Biofluids from Dairy Cows: Potential Biomarkers for Milk Production and Quality

The
fundamental understanding of the mechanisms regulating milk
protein synthesis is limited. This study aimed to elucidate the metabolic
mechanisms of milk production affected by forage quality through studying
metabolites from four biofluids (rumen fluid, milk, serum, and urine)
collected from 16 lactating cows fed alfalfa hay (AH, high-quality, n = 8) and corn stover (CS, low-quality, n = 8) using gas chromatography-time-of-flight/mass spectrometry.
The cows fed AH exhibited higher milk yield (P <
0.01), milk protein yield (P = 0.04), and milk efficiency (P < 0.01) than those fed CS. A total of 165, 195, 218,
and 156 metabolites were identified in the rumen fluid, milk, serum,
and urine, respectively, while 29 metabolites were found in all four
biofluids. In addition 55, 8, 28, and 31 metabolites in each biofluid
were significantly different (VIP > 1 and P <
0.05) between the AH- and CS-fed animals. These metabolites were involved
in glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; tyrosine metabolism;
and phenylalanine metabolism. Further integrated key metabolic pathway
analysis showed that the AH-fed cows may have more comprehensive amino
acid metabolisms, suggesting that these metabolite-associated pathways
may serve as biomarkers for higher milk yield and better milk protein
quality.