Quality assessment of the included 16 studies, based on the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool criteria (MMAT) [44].

A score of 0 indicates a high risk of bias (dark grey), a score of 1 indicates an unclear risk of bias (grey) and a score of 2 indicates a low risk of bias (light grey); a description of the 7 checklist items is presented for each type of study in the figure legend. NB: Studies labelled in italics are Mixed-Methods (Davis et al. 2020; Park & Langseth-Schmidt et al. 2016); as per the MMAT [44], these studies were assessed on both Qualitative and Quantitative /Non-Randomised study criteria below.