Aggravating effect of obstructive sleep apnoea on left ventricular remodelling and function disorder in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a case-control study by 3D speckle tracking echocardiography

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the early alterations of left ventricular (LV) structure and function in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with or without obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) using 3 D speckle tracking echocardiography (3DSTE). Eighty T2DM patients with preserved LVEF were included, half of whom had OSA as co-morbidity. Forty age- and sex-matched controls were also enrolled. LV structure and function were evaluated by conventional echocardiography and 3DSTE. LV global longitudinal strain (GLS), global circumferential strain (GCS), global area strain (GAS), and global radial strain (GRS) were all measured by 3DSTE. Four geometric patterns (normal geometry, concentric remodelling, concentric and eccentric hypertrophy) occupied significantly different proportions within the three groups (<i>p</i> = .014). LV remodelling made up higher shares in two T2DM groups than in the controls, whereas LV hypertrophy appeared most frequently in the patients with T2DM and OSA. The patients with T2DM alone had significantly lower GLS and GCS than the controls (both <i>p</i> &lt; .01). The patients with T2DM and OSA had significantly lower GLS, GCS, GAS, and GRS than the controls and the patients with T2DM alone (all <i>p</i> &lt; .01). Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), OSA and BMI had negative impacts on all and part of the strain values in T2DM patients. The T2DM patients with moderate-to-severe OSA showed significantly lower GLS, GCS, GAS, and GRS than those with mild OSA (all <i>p</i> &lt; .05). The 3DSTE plus conventional echocardiography could detect the sub-clinical LV alterations in T2DM patients with or without OSA.