Effects of dung beetles on dung removal after one month and after one year in the field experiment.

Treatment factor estimates and statistical significance (GLM) for the dung removed in relation to the experimental treatments (sample size = 22), functional groups (sample size = 18) and body mass heterogeneity (sample size = 9). This table shows the results of the statistical models with the “total body mass” within the treatments as an offset. Key to treatment codes: T1 = one tunneler species; T4 = four tunneler species; D1 = one dweller species; D4 = four species of dwellers. Significance codes: ‘***’p<0.001; ‘**’ p<0.01. ‘*’ p<0.05. Effects of dung beetles on dung removal after one month and after one year in the field experiment.