System design -IDEF0

The development of critical thinking (CT) in online learning environments has become a major focus in educational research, though most studies have centered on discrete technological tools for CT instruction, with limited exploration of integrated environments that combine pedagogy and technology. This study aims to design and validate a Personalized Learning Environments-based Critical Thinking (PLEs-CT) platform to support the development of CT in undergraduates. The platform was developed based on the Real-World Practice-based Critical Thinking (RWP-CT) and the Integration Definition for Function Modeling 0 (IDEF0) method. A quasi-experimental study was conducted at a comprehensive university in eastern China, involving 40 second-year English majors. Pre- and post-intervention surveys and interviews with 12 participants evaluated the effectiveness of the PLEs-CT. Statistical analysis revealed significant improvements in overall CT (p < 0.01) with a large effect size. Further analysis confirmed significant improvements in analytical skills, openness to CT, and its application (p < 0.01). Thematic analysis supported these findings, highlighting positive evaluations of interactive features and personalized recommendations. The study introduces an innovative framework and offers valuable practical insights for effectively promoting CT within digital learning environments.