Data from: Repeatability of adaptive radiation depends on spatial scale: regional versus global replicates of stickleback in lake versus stream habitats

The repeatability of adaptive radiation is expected to be scale dependent,
with determinism decreasing as greater spatial separation among
“replicates” leads to their increased genetic and ecological independence.
Threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) provide an opportunity to
test whether this expectation holds for the early stages of adaptive
radiation -their diversification in freshwater ecosystems has been
replicated many times. To better understand the repeatability of that
adaptive radiation, we examined the influence of geographic scale on
levels of parallel evolution by quantifying phenotypic and genetic
divergence between lake and stream stickleback pairs sampled at regional
(Vancouver Island) and global (North America and Europe) scales. We
measured phenotypes known to show lake-stream divergence and used reduced
representation genome-wide sequencing to estimate genetic divergence. We
assessed the scale-dependence of parallel evolution by comparing effect
sizes from multivariate models and also the direction and magnitude of
lake-stream divergence vectors. At the phenotypic level, parallelism was
greater at the regional than the global scale. At the genetic level,
putative selected loci showed greater lake-stream parallelism at the
regional than the global scale. Generally, the level of parallel evolution
was low at both scales, except for some key univariate traits. Divergence
vectors were often orthogonal, highlighting possible ecological and
genetic constraints on parallel evolution at both scales. Overall, our
results confirm that the repeatability of adaptive radiation decreases at
increasing spatial scales. We suggest that greater environmental
heterogeneity at larger scales imposes different selection regimes, thus
generating lower repeatability of adaptive radiation at larger spatial
scales.