Table_1_A latent profile analysis of subjective exercise experiences among physically vulnerable college students and psychiatric symptoms correlates during three phases of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan, China.docx

IntroductionPhysical activity among college students since the COVID-19 pandemic was well studied; however, subjective exercise experience and the emotional response toward physical exercise received less attention.MethodsThe present study used latent profile analysis (LPA) to explore the latent class of subjective exercise experience among physically vulnerable college students who scored 59 points or less in tests under the National Student Physical Health Standard. Three non-duplicated samples at different stages of the COVID-19 pandemic were collected in March 2020 (N = 127), March 2021 (N = 118), and November 2021 (N = 206) respectively. Psychometrically validated scales, namely, Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale (SEES), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) were used to measure subjective exercise experience, anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms.Results and discussionLPA revealed a 3-class solution for the subjective exercise experience of physically unfit students, namely, the “negative experience group” (30.82%), the “fatigue group” (41.91%), and the “positive experience group” (27.27%). Multinomial regression showed that probable anxiety [odds ratio (OR) = 0.12] was associated with the overall negative exercise experience while probable depression (OR = 0.19) was associated with psychological fatigue. Women (OR = 0.496) were more likely to experience overall negative exercise experience, and the outbreak of the COVID- 19 (OR = 2.14) pandemic influenced the psychological distress of the subjective exercise experience compared with the other two phases in the post-COVID- 19 era. Our findings provided significant implications for physical education targeting university students that interventions should be tailored differently for three profiles of the subjective exercise experience.

自新冠疫情爆发以来，大学生群体的体育锻炼活动已得到充分研究；然而，主观的锻炼体验以及对体育锻炼的情感反应却未受到足够的关注。研究方法上，本研究采用潜在类别分析（LPA）来探究身体较弱的大学学生在国家学生体质健康标准测试中得分59分及以下的主观锻炼体验的潜在类别。分别在2020年3月（N = 127）、2021年3月（N = 118）和2021年11月（N = 206）收集了三个不同阶段的新冠疫情下的非重复样本。采用了经过心理测量验证的量表，包括主观锻炼体验量表（SEES）、广泛性焦虑障碍量表（GAD-7）和患者健康问卷（PHQ-9），以测量主观锻炼体验、焦虑症状和抑郁症状。研究结果与讨论部分指出，潜在类别分析揭示了身体不健壮学生的主观锻炼体验存在三个类别，即“负面体验组”（占比30.82%）、“疲劳组”（占比41.91%）和“积极体验组”（占比27.27%）。多项回归分析显示，可能的焦虑（优势比（OR）= 0.12）与整体负面锻炼体验相关，而可能的抑郁（OR = 0.19）与心理疲劳相关。女性（OR = 0.496）更可能经历整体负面锻炼体验，而与后疫情时代的其他两个阶段相比，新冠疫情的爆发（OR = 2.14）对主观锻炼体验的心理困扰产生了显著影响。我们的研究结果表明，针对大学生的体育教育干预措施应根据主观锻炼体验的三种不同特征进行个性化设计。