Data from: There is only one winner: the negative impact of red deer density on roe deer numbers and distribution in the Słowiński National Park and its vicinity

Red and roe deer are the most numerous cervids in Europe and they occur in
sympatry in most regions. Roe deer were considered to be an inferior
competitor in studies in which they co-occurred with fallow deer or
muntjac. Despite the remarkable overlap of their ranges, there are few
studies on the competition between the red and roe deer. Since
interspecific interactions among ungulates are often related to their
mutual densities, the current study focused on the effects of high red
deer density on the roe deer numbers and spatial distribution in the
unhunted Słowiński National Park (SNP) in northern Poland and forest
districts open to hunting bordering the park. Using fecal pellet
group counts, it was found that in the forest districts (where
red deer densities were 2-3 times lower than in the SNP), roe deer
densities were significantly higher than in the park. The red-to-roe deer
density ratio was 10.8 and 2.7, in the SNP and the surrounding forest
districts, respectively. Moreover, in the SNP, the roe deer distribution
was negatively affected by the red deer habitat use, while in the hunting
areas, such an effect was not recorded. The negative influence of the red
deer on the roe deer population in the park was most probably due to the
red deer impact on food availability. The biomass of the plant groups
forming the staple food of the roe deer (Rubus spp., forbs, dwarf shrubs)
was significantly higher in the fenced plots than in the unfenced ones.
Lack of hunting in the protected areas may benefit only some species in
ungulate assemblages which, in turn, may contradict one of their
objectives - to maintain viable and ecologically functional populations.